Diminished gastric pathology in gerbils infected with cagA isogenic mutant of oncogenic strain PZ5056G. Gerbils were infected with the PZ5056G parental strain or the cagA isogenic mutant for 16 weeks. (a) Gastric inflammation in tissues assessed by H&E staining and scoring of the levels of acute and chronic gastritis in antrum and corpus. (b) Colonization by serial dilution and culture. (c) Frequency of gastric dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. Note that with the cagA− strain there were no cases of dysplasia or carcinoma. (d and e) Gastric epithelial cells were isolated from stomach tissues and flow cytometry performed. (d) SMOX protein levels. (e) 8-oxoguanosine levels. In a, data are from 19 and 13 gerbils infected with PZ5056G and the PZ5056G cagA isogenic mutant, respectively. In d and e, stomach tissues from gerbils infected with PZ5056G (n = 9) and PZ5056G cagA− (n = 10) were used. For a and b, §§P < 0.01 and §§P < 0.001 versus PZ5009G. For d and e, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus control (Ctrl); §§P < 0.01, §§§P < 0.001 versus PZ5009G.