FIGURE 1.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus T6SS2 induces autophagy of macrophage cells without causing apparent cytotoxicity. (A,B) Autophagy of macrophage cells was measured by LC3-II accumulation after infection for 4 h with the wild-type strain (WT), its triple deletion mutant dTTT or dTTT with further deletion of T6SS1 and T6SS2 structural genes. Rapamycin-treated (Rapa) and mock-infected (Mock) cells were used as positive and negative controls. (C) LC3-II to β-actin ratio (mean ± SD) of three independent experiments as shown in (B; **P < 0.01). (D) Cytotoxicity to macrophages infected as above was measured by LDH release.