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. 2014 Jun 6;64(3):459–468. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307213

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Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Enterococcus faecalis-infected macrophages and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) induce aneuploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN) in primary colon cancer cells. (A) After 8 weekly treatments, the rate of aneuploidy significantly increases in YAMC cells co-cultured with E. faecalis-infected macrophages (red squares) compared with untreated control (blue circles). The proportion of aneuploid cells increases after only two treatments with 1 µM 4-HNE (green triangles). (B) Representative histograms of mitotic cells by fluorescent-activated cell sorting show increased numbers of aneuploid cells (R1 and R3 windows) in YAMC clones isolated after 10 treatments with E. faecalis-infected macrophages (37M10-3, middle) and 8 treatments with 4-HNE (H8-4, right) compared with sham-treated cells (left). (C) and (D), fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis shows aberrant karyotypes with chromosomal translocations (arrows). Red, chromosome 11; green, chromosome 18.