. 2014 Oct 6;99(3):412–417. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305657

Table 3.

Backwards stepwise regressions examining relationship between baseline cognition and visual outcomes while correcting for potential confounders

Outcome: visual quality of life at 1 year
Predictors entered into initial model: baseline VFQ-25, age, gender, education, AMD grade, cataract grade, unilateral/sequential surgery, GDS at 1 year, ACE-R
Initial model:	n=91, R²=0.44, ANOVA for model: F=6.7, p<0.001 β for ACE-R=0.20, p=0.03
Final model:	n=91, R²=0.41, ANOVA for model: F=19.1, p<0.001

	B	SE(B)	β	p Value

Constant	66.59	8.42		<0.001
Baseline VFQ-25	0.15	0.06	0.25	0.009
GDS	−1.18	0.30	−0.39	<0.001
ACE-R	0.19	0.08	0.22	0.014†
Outcome: visual acuity at 1 year
Predictors entered into initial model: baseline VA, age, gender, education, AMD grade, cataract grade, unilateral/sequential surgery, GDS at 1 year, ACE-R
Initial model:	n=91, R²=0.30, ANOVA for model: F=3.9, p=0.001 β for ACE-R=−0.30, p=0.005
Final model:	n=91, R²=0.28, ANOVA for model: F=11.2, p<0.001*

	B	SE(B)	β	p Value

Constant	0.37	0.10		<0.001
Baseline VA	0.30	0.08	0.32	0.001
Unilateral/sequential surgery	−0.05	0.02	−0.22	0.02
ACE-R	−0.003	0.001	−0.32	0.001

*When the two cases with standardised residuals >3 were removed, ACE-R had a p value of 0.5 in the initial model and was removed by the stepwise regression before the final model.

ACE-R, Revised Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination; AMD, age related macular degeneration; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; VA, visual acuity; VFQ-25, 25 item Visual Functioning Questionnaire; ANOVA, analysis of variance.