Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Total (n= 3,381) | Non-converters (n=3,171) | Incident type 2 diabetes cases (n=210) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | ||||
| Age — yr | 49.4±12.4 | 49.0±12.4 | 55.2±9.9 | <0.001 |
| Male sex— no.(%) | 1710 (50.6) | 1573 (49.6) | 137 (65.2) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker— no.(%) | 1198 (35.4) | 1116 (35.2) | 82 (39.0) | 0.13 |
| Ex-smoker— no.(%) | 1240 (36.7) | 1158 (36.5) | 82 (39.0) | |
| Alcohol drinker— no.(%) | 2573 (76.5) | 2416 (76.6) | 157 (75.1) | 0.62 |
| Prior history of CVD — no.(%) | 134 (4.1) | 119 (3.9) | 15 (7.5) | 0.01 |
| Family history of diabetes— no.(%) | 527 (15.6) | 468 (14.8) | 59 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI—kg/m2 | 26.0±4.1 | 25.8±4.0 | 29.3±4.6 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference—cm | 88.6±13.1 | 87.9±12.8 | 99.5±11.7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure— mmHg | 123.9±19.0 | 123.3±18.9 | 133.1±18.6 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure–mmHg | 71.8±9.9 | 71.5±9.9 | 76.1±9.6 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension— no.(%) | 936 (27.7) | 833 (26.3) | 103 (49.0) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose— mmol/L | 4.7±0.6 | 4.7±0.6 | 5.6±0.8 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol— mmol/L | 1.32±0.40 | 1.34±0.40 | 1.09±0.29 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides— mmol/L | 1.16 (0.84-1.68) | 1.13 (0.83-1.65) | 1.64 (1.17-2.45) | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin— mU/L | 7.9 (5.5-11.9) | 7.7 (5.4-11.5) | 13.0 (8.5-21.4) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin — (μmol/L) | 7.7 ±3.6 | 7.7 ±3.6 | 7.1±3.1 | <0.001 |
| AST— U/L | 25.7±9.5 | 25.6±9.5 | 27.4±8.2 | 0.009 |
| ALT— U/L | 23.8±16.6 | 23.4±16.6 | 29.6±16.4 | <0.001 |
| GGT— U/L | 23.0 (16.0-38.0) | 23.0 (16.0-36.0) | 36.0 (24.7-51.7) | <0.001 |
| Albumin g/L | 45.8±2.8 | 45.8±2.8 | 45.2±3.2 | 0.003 |
| ALP— U/L | 65.3±22.3 | 65.0±22.5 | 70.0±18.3 | 0.002 |
| hs-CRP— mg/L | 1.29 (0.58-2.95) | 1.24 (0.56-2.87) | 2.22 (1.19-4.65) | <0.001 |
| UAE—mg/24h | 10.4 (6.6-20.3) | 10.2 (6.5 -19.7) | 17.2 (8.8-36.5) | <0.001 |
*
Data were shown as mean± Standard deviation (SD) or median (quartiles 1 and 3 [Q1-Q3]) for continuous variables which were compared by independent t tests or Mann–Whitney U tests as appropriate. Categorical variables are shown as frequencies (percentage) and were compared by χ2 test. BMI: body mass index (the weight in kilogram divided by the square of the height in meters), CVD: cardiovascular disease, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, GGT: gamma-glutamyltransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein and UAE: urine albumin excretion.