Table 2.
Relative Risk of Emergency Department Visit During the 90 Days After Initial Use of Inhaled Corticosteroid (Cox Regression Estimate)
| 90-Day ED visit incidence rate % (N) | Crude hazard ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted hazard ratioa(95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female | 19.6 (3386/17,237) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 19.6 (5084/25,917) | 1.00 (0.96,1.04) | 0.99 (0.95,1.04) |
| Race-ethnicity | |||
| White | 21.1 (2645/12,565) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| African American | 20.2 (3581/17,728) | 0.96 (0.91,1.01) | 1.04 (0.99,1.10) |
| Hispanic | 15.4 (1448/9402) | 0.71 (0.67,0.76) | 0.71 (0.66,0.76) |
| Other | 23.0 (797/3461) | 1.12 (1.03,1.21)b | 1.14 (1.05,1.23)b |
| Rural/urban status | |||
| Large metro | 18.0 (3032/16826) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Small metro | 20.3 (3087/15220) | 1.14 (1.08,1.19)b | 1.09 (1.04,1.15)b |
| Rural | 21.2 (2352/11110) | 1.19 (1.13,1.25)b | 1.10 (1.04,1.16 b |
| High SABA usec | |||
| No | 19.4 (6105/31511) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 20.3 (2366/11645) | 1.06 (1.01,1.11)b | 1.03 (0.98,1.08) |
| Physician visits | |||
| None | 16.6 (1982/11954) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 17.1 (1949/11422) | 1.03 (0.97,1.10) | 1.03 (0.97,1.10) |
| ≥2 | 23.0 (4540/19780) | 1.43 (1.35,1.50)b | 1.45 (1.37,1.53)b |
| ICS-Rx-to-total asthma drug ratio | |||
| High | 17.4 (2500/14,391) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low | 20.8 (5971/28,765) | 1.22 (1.17,1.28)b | 1.19 (1.14,1.25)b |
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race, rural/urban status, physician visit count, severity of asthma, and adherence to ICS drug status.
b
P<.05.
c
Two or more refills of short-acting beta-agonist in 90 days.
CI, confidence interval; ED, emergency department; ICS-Rx, inhaled corticosteroid prescription; SABA, short-acting beta-agonist.