Table 1.

Common pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

Items	Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Hemodynamic	Increased left ventricle filling pressure
	Increased resting heart rate
	Exaggerated heart rate response to exercise
	Loss of atrial contraction
	Reduced myocardial contractility
Neuro-hormonal	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation
	Adrenergic activation
	Increase of transforming growth factor-β1
Cellular	Extracellular matrix alteration
	Intracellular calcium overload