Figure 1. Illustration of the time parameters and task sets of one trial.

In each trial, participants first viewed the outcome of a flanker-run that was supposedly perform by a “partner” in another room, and then performed a flanker-run themselves afterwards. The first array of five letters was the observation Flanker task, in which participants just needed to observe but do not overtly press any keys; the second array of five letters was the execution Flanker task, in which participants needed to make own press according to the mapping rules. The number in the red box indicates the answer of the virtual partner.