[Table/Fig-1]:
Bone Remodelling Biomarkers
| Bone Formation Markers | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP); specific for bone formation only in patients with no liver or bile duct disease | Bone, liver | serum | colomitery |
| Bone Alkaline Phosphatase(BALP); specific osteoblast product; some procedures show cross reactivity with ALP liver isoenzyme | bone | serum | Colomitery, electrophoresis, precipitation, IRMA, EIA |
| Osteocalcin (OC, BGP); Specific osteoblast product; there are several reactive forms in blood; some can NASTATI during bone resorption | Bone, trombocytes | serum | RIA, ELISA, IRMA, ECLIA |
| C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP); specific proliferating osteoblast and fibroblast product | Bone, skin, soft tissues | serum | RIA, ELISA |
| N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP); specific proliferating osteoblast and fibroblast product; partially incorporated into skeletal matrix | Bone, skin | serum | RIA, ELISA |
| Bone Resorption Markers | |||
| Marker | Tissue Origin | Analytical Sample | Analytical Method |
| Hydroxyproline, total and dialyzable (OH-Pro,OHP); specific for all fibrilar collagens and a part of collagen proteins, including Ciq, elastin;present in newly synthesizedand mature collagen | Bone, skin, cartilage, soft tissues | urine | Colorimetry, HPLC |
| Pyridinoline (PYD, Pyr); high concentrations in cartilage and collagen: not present in skin;present only in mature collagen | Bone, tendon, cartilage | urine | HPLC,ELISA |
| Deoxypyrindoline (DPD,d-Pyr); high concentrations only in bone collagen: not present in cartilage or in skin; present only in mature collagen | Bone, dentine | urine | HPLC, ELISA |
| Cross-linked C-terminal of type I collagen(ICTP); high proportion from bone collagen in type I collagen; can partly originate from newly synthesized collagen | Bone, skin | serum | RIA |
| Cross-linked C-termianltelopeptide of type I collagen (fragments alpha-CTX, beta-CTX); in type I collagen; probably high proportion from bone collagen | All tissue containing type I collagen | Urine, serum | ELISA, RIA, ECLIA |
| Cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (fragments NTX); in type I collagen; big proportion from bone | All tissues containing type I collagen | Urine (alpha/ beta), serum(only beta) | ELISA, RIA, ICMA |
| Hydroxylysine-glycosides (Hyl-Glyc); collagens and collagen proteins; glucogalactosylhydroxilysine is highly represented in soft tissue collagens and C1q; galactosil OHLys is highly represented in bone collagen | Bone, skin, soft tissue, serum complement | urine | HPLC, ELISA |
| Bone sialoprotein (BSP); synthesized by active osteoblasts and lay in extracellular bone matrix; it seems to express osteoclast activity | Bone, dentine, hypertrophic cartilage | Serum | RIA, ELISA |
| Tartarat-resistant acid phosphatase (TR-ACP); osteoclasts, thrombocytes, erthryocytes | Bone, blood | Plasma/ serum | Colorimetry, RIA, ELISA |
| Free gamma carboxyglutaminacid (GLA); resulted from bone proteins (eg. Osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein) and from coagulation factor | Blood, bone | Serum/ urine | HPLC |