Table 2.

Landmark Clinical Trials in HFrEF.

Drug	Trial	Patients	NYHA	LVEF	Outcome	NNT	Follow Up (years)
Enalapril	CONSENSUS	Chronic	IV		Mortality	6	0.5
Enalapril	SOLVD	Chronic	II-III	≤ 40	Mortality	22	3.5
					HF Hospitalization	4.5	3.5
Candesartan	CHARM-Alt	Chronic	II-IV	< 40	CV Death/HF Hospitalization	14	2.8
					HF Hospitalization	13	2.8
Losartan	ELITE II	Chronic	II-IV	≤ 40	Mortality Non-inferior to captopril
Ramipril	AIRE	AMI		HF	Mortality	17	1.25
Trandolapril	TRACE	AMI		< 35	Mortality	13	2 to 4
Losartan	OPTIMAAL	AMI		HF or ≤ 35	Mortality Non-inferior to captopril
Valsartan	VALIANT	AMI		≤ 40	Mortality Non-inferior to captopril
Bisoprolol	CIBIS II	Chronic	III-IV	≤ 35	Mortality	18	1.3
					Hospitalization	17	1.3
					HF Hospitalization	17	1.3
Metoprolol	MERIT-HF	Chronic	II-III	≤ 40	Mortality	26	1
					Hospitalization	24	1
					HF Hospitalization	21	1
Carvedilol	COPERNICUS	Chronic	III-IV	< 25	Mortality	14	0.9
					Hospitalization	17	0.9
					HF Hospitalization	15	0.9
Carvedilol	CAPRICORN	AMI		≤ 40	Mortality	33	1.3
Spironolactone	RALES	Chronic	(III)/IV	≤ 35	Mortality	9	2
					HF Hospitalization	11	2
Eplerenone	EMPHASIS	Chronic	II	≤ 30	CV Death/HF Hospitalization	13	1.8
				≤ 35 + QRS	Mortality	33	1.8
				>130 msec	HF Hospitalization	16	1.8
Eplerenone	EPHESUS	AMI		≤40	Mortality	43	1.3
					HF Hospitalization	19	1.3

AMI = Acute myocardial infarction, CV = Cardiovascular, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, HF = Heart Failure, NYHA New York Association, NNT = number needed to treat.