Table 1.
Characteristics of respondents and households at baseline (mean and SD)
| Variable | WASH | WASH+ | N | Kakamega control | P value (F test) | W | S | H | Bungoma control | P value (F test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size (N) | 90 | 87 | 87 | 101 | 38 | 31 | 32 | 30 | ||
| Respondent age (years) | 26.10 (6.15) | 27.14 (8.07) | 26.19 (7.68) | 25.99 (5.74) | 0.67 | 26.11 (5.49) | 24.26 (5.54) | 25.55 (6.42) | 27.21 (8.81) | 0.37 |
| Kiswahili literacy | 0.80 (0.40) | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.89 (0.32) | 0.83 (0.38) | 0.15 | 0.89 (0.31) | 0.87 (0.34) | 0.76 (0.44) | 0.70 (0.47) | 0.14 |
| English literacy | 0.66 (0.48) | 0.68 (0.47) | 0.82 (0.39) | 0.71 (0.45) | 0.07* | 0.71 (0.46) | 0.65 (0.49) | 0.67 (0.48) | 0.63 (0.49) | 0.91 |
| Any secondary schooling | 0.23 (0.43) | 0.25 (0.44) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.56 | 0.43 (0.50) | 0.32 (0.48) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.13 (0.35) | 0.06* |
| Own home | 0.99 (0.11) | 0.92 (0.27) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.00† | 0.92 (0.27) | 0.97 (0.18) | 0.94 (0.24) | 0.93 (0.25) | 0.88 |
| Tin roof | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.47 (0.50) | 0.17 | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.90 (0.30) | 0.88 (0.34) | 0.87 (0.35) | 0.91 |
| Number of households in compound | 1.91 (1.15) | 2.08 (1.26) | 2.24 (1.70) | 2.34 (1.62) | 0.21 | 1.92 (1.71) | 1.77 (1.06) | 1.61 (1.17) | 1.66 (1.23) | 0.77 |
| Latrine in compound | 0.86 (0.35) | 0.83 (0.38) | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.32 | 0.70 (0.46) | 0.70 (0.47) | 0.66 (0.48) | 0.67 (0.48) | 0.97 |
| Know/has used ORS | 0.43 (0.50) | 0.36 (0.48) | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.41 (0.49) | 0.39 | 0.47 (0.51) | 0.58 (0.50) | 0.48 (0.51) | 0.40 (0.50) | 0.58 |
| Proper disposal of child feces | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.63 (0.49) | 0.58 (0.50) | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.19 | 0.68 (0.48) | 0.33 (0.48) | 0.23 (0.43) | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.00† |
| Latrine drop hole covered | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.22 | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.04 (0.20) | 0.85 |
| Chlorinated stored water (SR) | 0.04 (0.21) | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.04 (0.21) | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.26 | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.06 (0.25) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.90 |
| Children sleep under mosquito nets (SR) | 0.99 (0.11) | 0.98 (0.16) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.25 | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.78 (0.42) | 0.90 (0.31) | 0.69 |
| Respondent hands: no visible dirt | 0.70 (0.46) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.69 (0.47) | 0.63 (0.49) | 0.47 | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.65 (0.49) | 0.73 (0.45) | 0.70 (0.47) | 0.75 |
| Youngest child hands: no visible dirt | 0.55 (0.50) | 0.73 (0.45) | 0.63 (0.49) | 0.71 (0.46) | 0.12 | 0.69 (0.48) | 0.67 (0.52) | 0.56 (0.53) | 0.60 (0.51) | 0.92 |
| Total number of children < 3 years old in compound | 1.74 (0.97) | 1.95 (1.40) | 1.88 (1.36) | 2.52 (2.01) | 0.00† | 1.46 (1.30) | 1.39 (1.09) | 1.30 (1.05) | 1.43 (1.45) | 0.96 |
| Age (months) of respondent's youngest child < 3 years old | 9.29 (3.89) | 9.38 (3.67) | 9.65 (4.29) | 9.77 (4.07) | 0.83 | 8.71 (11.79) | 10.37 (11.06) | 11.08 (11.07) | 8.59 (10.65) | 0.86 |
| All of respondent's children < 3 years old (N) | 96 | 102 | 110 | 124 | 30 | 25 | 23 | 24 | ||
| Age (months) | 10.49 (6.01) | 11.84 (7.61) | 12.78 (8.32) | 12.76 (8.42) | 0.11 | 10.64 (11.74) | 13.77 (12.46) | 12.64 (11.97) | 11.32 (11.93) | 0.78 |
| Gender (male) | 0.61 (0.49) | 0.54 (0.50) | 0.50 (0.50) | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.26 | 0.43 (0.50) | 0.64 (0.49) | 0.64 (0.49) | 0.43 (0.51) | 0.25 |
| Fever last week | 0.40 (0.49) | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.26 (0.44) | 0.31 (0.47) | 0.06* | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.14 (0.36) | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.15 (0.36) | 0.26 |
| Diarrhea last week | 0.29 (0.45) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.23 (0.42) | 0.33 | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.15 (0.36) | 0.26 |
| Diarrhea case definition last week | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.09* | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.82 |
| Blood in stool last week | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.30 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.58 |
| Cough last week | 0.41 (0.49) | 0.38 (0.49) | 0.25 (0.44) | 0.31 (0.46) | 0.06* | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.23 (0.43) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.15 (0.36) | 0.80 |
| Congestion last week | 0.55 (0.50) | 0.59 (0.49) | 0.55 (0.50) | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.76 | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.30 (0.46) | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.31 |
| Wheezing last week | 0.22 (0.42) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.15 (0.36) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.59 | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.12 |
| Rash last week | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.14 (0.34) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.60 | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.38 |
| Bruise last week | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.25 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.39 |
Cells contain the mean value and SD of the observed variable in a given treatment arm (W, S, H, etc.) or the P value for an F test for joint significance on a set of dummy variables for treatment arms. Values are not adjusted for clustering. All observations are at the household level, except for child age, gender, and 1-week disease recall questions, which are asked about for up to two children under 36 months cared for by the respondent. SR = self-reported data; ORS = oral rehydration salts.
*
P < 0.1.
†
P < 0.01.