Table 2.
Analysis of uptake of WASH interventions and promoter visits—proportional differences from control
| Uptake variable | Kakamega (combined vs. control) | Bungoma (treatment vs. control only) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
| Water intervention uptake and behavior change | ||||
| Free chlorine detected (95% CI) | 0.364 (0.258, 0.470)* | 0.373 (0.271, 0.474)* | 0.600 (0.336, 0.864)* | 0.554 (0.250, 0.859)* |
| Control mean (N) | 0.012 (284) | 0.012 (284) | 0.143 (56) | 0.143 (53) |
| Total chlorine detected (95% CI) | 0.410 (0.307, 0.513)* | 0.415 (0.315, 0.515)* | 0.667 (0.327, 1.007)* | 0.592 (0.289, 0.894)* |
| Control mean (N) | 0.012 (284) | 0.012 (284) | 0.190 (56) | 0.190 (53) |
| Filter use (95% CI) | −0.066 (−0.137, 0.005) | −0.067 (−0.140, 0.006) | −0.091 (−0.228, 0.046) | −0.046 (−0.129, 0.038) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.122 (304) | 0.122 (303) | 0.091 (57) | 0.091 (54) |
| Sanitation intervention uptake and behavior change | ||||
| Child feces risk belief (95% CI) | 0.054 (−0.042, 0.150) | 0.059 (−0.045, 0.163) | 0.005 (−0.166, 0.176) | −0.003 (−0.262, 0.257) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.785 (321) | 0.785 (321) | 0.875 (49) | 0.875 (47) |
| Child feces disposed (95% CI) | 0.471 (0.372, 0.571)* | 0.478 (0.372, 0.584)* | 0.213 (−0.008, 0.435) | 0.104 (−0.213, 0.420) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.181 (323) | 0.181 (323) | 0.667 (49) | 0.667 (47) |
| Drop hole covered (95% CI) | 0.553 (0.472, 0.634)* | 0.548 (0.470, 0.625)* | 0.750 (0.604, 0.896)* | 0.742 (0.475, 1.010)* |
| Control mean (N) | 0.023 (304) | 0.023 (304) | 0.000 (44) | 0.000 (42) |
| Stool visible in latrine (95% CI) | −0.161 (−0.297, −0.024) | −0.169 (−0.304, −0.034) | −0.400 (−0.632, −0.168) | −0.469 (−0.674, −0.264) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.420 (304) | 0.420 (304) | 0.400 (45) | 0.400 (43) |
| Human feces in compound (95% CI) | −0.074 (−0.132, −0.016) | −0.079 (−0.135, −0.024) | −0.043 (−0.192, 0.106) | −0.043 (−0.317, 0.230) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.106 (317) | 0.106 (316) | 0.083 (49) | 0.083 (47) |
| Any feces in compound (95% CI) | −0.053 (−0.147, 0.040) | −0.085 (−0.186, 0.016) | 0.007 (−0.229, 0.242) | 0.078 (−0.188, 0.345) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.862 (323) | 0.862 (322) | 0.833 (49) | 0.833 (47) |
| Hygiene intervention uptake and behavior change | ||||
| HW critical times (of five; 95% CI) | 0.547 (0.251, 0.843)* | 0.565 (0.301, 0.829)* | 0.494 (−0.348, 1.336) | 0.935 (−0.437, 2.306) |
| Control mean (N) | 2.160 (323) | 2.160 (323) | 2.292 (52) | 2.292 (41) |
| Have place for HW (95% CI) | 0.855 (0.804, 0.905)* | 0.838 (0.777, 0.899)* | 0.708 (0.430, 0.987)* | 0.676 (0.281, 1.072)* |
| Control mean (N) | 0.043 (323) | 0.043 (323) | 0.042 (52) | 0.042 (41) |
| Have soap for HW (95% CI) | 0.493 (0.375, 0.610)* | 0.493 (0.371, 0.615)* | 0.661 (0.444, 0.877)* | 0.614 (0.288, 0.940)* |
| Control mean (N) | 0.191 (323) | 0.191 (323) | 0.125 (52) | 0.125 (41) |
| Mother's hands have no visible dirt (95% CI) | 0.132 (0.035, 0.228)* | 0.128 (0.023, 0.233)* | 0.077 (−0.214, 0.369) | 0.236 (−0.054, 0.526) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.787 (323) | 0.787 (323) | 0.708 (52) | 0.708 (41) |
| Child's hands have no visible dirt (95% CI) | 0.057 (−0.050, 0.164) | 0.072 (−0.037, 0.182) | −0.205 (−0.475, 0.066) | −0.114 (−0.642, 0.414) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.570 (322) | 0.570 (322) | 0.955 (42) | 0.955 (32) |
| Health promoter uptake and behavior change (any treatment vs. control) | ||||
| Respondent knows promoter's name (95% CI) | 0.044 (−0.007, 0.094) | 0.055 (0.003, 0.108)* | 0.087 (−0.074, 0.248) | 0.045 (−0.043, 0.134) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.923 (319) | 0.923 (319) | 0.913 (110) | 0.913 (96) |
| Promoter booklet available (95% CI) | −0.107 (−0.287, 0.074) | −0.106 (−0.293, 0.081) | −0.044 (−0.214, 0.126) | −0.061 (−0.222, 0.100) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.914 (307) | 0.914 (307) | 0.913 (107) | 0.913 (94) |
| Trusts promoter information highly (95% CI) | −0.017 (−0.063, 0.030) | −0.008 (−0.052, 0.035) | −0.027 (−0.120, 0.065) | 0.015 (−0.088, 0.119) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.964 (319) | 0.964 (319) | 0.958 (111) | 0.958 (98) |
| Ranks promoter as highly committed (95% CI) | 0.032 (−0.042, 0.106) | 0.036 (−0.039, 0.112) | 0.089 (−0.121, 0.299) | 0.139 (−0.065, 0.343) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.867 (307) | 0.867 (307) | 0.750 (107) | 0.750 (93) |
| Considers promoter visits worth time (95% CI) | −0.001 (−0.019, 0.017) | 0.002 (−0.014, 0.018) | −0.023 (−0.067, 0.022) | −0.020 (−0.073, 0.033) |
| Control mean (N) | 0.994 (319) | 0.994 (319) | 1.000 (111) | 1.000 (97) |
| Enumerator fixed effects | NO | YES | NO | YES |
| Controls | NO | YES | NO | YES |
Estimated ordinary least squares (OLS) coefficients on intervention status with 95% CIs computed with SEs adjusted for clustering at the village level are shown. Interventions in the Kakamega columns were a combination of WASH hardware. Interventions in the Bungoma columns are the relevant treatments (W, S, or H separately) compared with the control group. HW = handwashing.
*
Estimates significantly different from zero.