Table 1.
Factors involved in the development of the choroid plexus epithelial cells.
| Gene/Factor | Function | Species | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bmps | Misexpression causes expansion of choroid plexus at the expense of cortical neuroepithelium. Deficits cause loss of specification of plexus epithelial cells. BMP4 gives rise to choroid plexus epithelial cells from E10.5 in mouse | Mouse | Panchision et al., 2001; Hébert et al., 2002; Fernandes et al., 2007; Imayoshi et al., 2008 |
| E(spl) | Homologs of genes present in mammalian species | Mouse, rat | Kageyama et al., 2007; |
| E2F5, foxJ1, p73 | Lack of functional transcription factor causes hydrocephalus due to dysfunction of choroid plexus, mostly dysfunctional cilia on CSF surface of cells and AQP3 channels | Mouse, human (cells) | Chen et al., 1998; Kume et al., 1998; Lindeman et al., 1998; Zheng and Zhao, 2002; Swetloff and Ferretti, 2005; Swetloff et al., 2006 |
| Hairy, E(spl) | bHLH repressor genes regulate non-neuronal versus neuronal fate specification in the ectoderm. Up-regulation of E(spl) represses neuronal specification, promoting non-neuronal cell fate | Drosophila | Campos-Ortega and Jan, 1991 |
| Hes1, Hes3, Hes5 | Gives rise to choroid plexus epithelial. Knock-out mice have no lateral ventricular choroid plexus | Mouse | Imayoshi et al., 2008 |
| Lmx1a | Gives rise to choroid plexus epithelial cells, from E10.5 onwards in mouse | Mouse | Imayoshi et al., 2008 |
| Msx1/2 | Development of dorsal midline region | Mouse | Hébert et al., 2002; Bach et al., 2003 |
| Msx1/2 | Induce Fox and Msx genes, causing regulation of specification of choroid plexus epithelium | Mouse | Xuan et al., 1995; Furuta et al., 1997; Porter et al., 1997; Monuki et al., 2001 |
| Ngn2 | Gives rise to choroid plexus epithelial cells and Cajal-Retzius cells, upregulation causes a loss of choroid plexus epithelial cells | Mouse | Imayoshi et al., 2008 |
| Notch1 | Expression of activated Notch1 results in overproduction of hindbrain choroid plexus epithelium (but not of other rhombic lip lineages) | Mouse | Hunter and Dymecki, 2007 |
| Otx2 | Master regulator of choroid plexus development. Knock-out causes failure of choroid plexus to develop | Mouse | Johansson et al., 2013 |
| Wnt2b | Gives rise to choroid plexus epithelial cells, from E10.5 onwards in mouse | Mouse | Imayoshi et al., 2008 |
A list of known transcription factors involved in the development of neuroependymal cells of the ventricular wall into choroid plexus epithelial cells. Refer to Figure 2 for the localization of these factors. This list is by no means exhaustive. Abbreviations: bLHH, basic helix-loop-helix; BMP; bone morphogenic protein; E(spl), enhancer of split; foxJ1, forkhead box J1;Hes, hairy and enhancer of split; Lmx1a, LIM homeobox transcription factor 1α; Ngn2, neurogenin 2; Otx2, orthodenticle homeobox 2; p73, tumor protein 73; Wnt2b, wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 2B.