Table 3.
Associations between Spiritual Well-being and Quality of Life at the Scale and Factor Levels as Reported by Authors
| Overall QOL | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author [reference] | Total score | 1-item | PWB | SWB | EWB | FWB | PCS | MCS | Multivariate statistics variables being controlled | Consistent with the majority of results? | |
| Overall Spiritual Well-Being | Tate [44] | 0.55 (NS) | QOL domains | No | |||||||
| Canada [11] | 0.50 | 0.14 | No | ||||||||
| Lazenby [23] | −0.37 | 0.54 | −0.50 | 0.57 | No | ||||||
| Lazenby [22] | (+) | NS | 0.45 | −0.27 | 0.48 | QOL domains | No | ||||
| Kruse [41] | NS | No | |||||||||
| Brady [14] | 0.58(+) | 0.48(+) | Demo, Med; QOL domains | Yes | |||||||
| Cotton [28] | 0.48 | (+) | NS | Demo, Psycho | Yes | ||||||
| Peterman [10] | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.51 | Yes | ||||||
| Noguchi [24] | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.67 | Yes | ||||||
| Kristeller [53] | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.58 | Yes | |||||||
| Prince-Paul [55] | 0.59 | 0.42 | Yes | ||||||||
| Whitford [20] | 0.59 | 0.52 (+) | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.55 | QOL domains | Yes | |||
| Johnson [16] | 0.59 −0.70 | Yes | |||||||||
| Daugherty [54] | 0.36 | NS | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.38 | Yes | |||||
| Friedman [32] | 0.63 | (+) | Demo, Psycho | Yes | |||||||
| Sun [17] | 0.54 −0.27 | Yes | |||||||||
| Murphy [29] | 0.21 | 0.57 | Yes | ||||||||
| Purnell [35] | 0.67 (+) | Demo, Med | Yes | ||||||||
| Mazanec [36] | (+) | (NS) | (+) | (+) | (+) | Demo, Med, Psycho | Yes | ||||
| Whitford [21] | (+) | QOL domains | Yes | ||||||||
| Laubmeier [43] | (+) | Psycho | Yes | ||||||||
| Matthews [33] | (NS) | (+) | Demo, Med, Psycho | Yes | |||||||
| Krupski [30] | (+) | (+) | (+) | (+) | (+) | Demo, Med | Yes | ||||
| Jafari [25] | 0.22 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.49 | Yes | ||||||
| Bai [37] | 0.60 | Yes | |||||||||
| Faith | Brady [14] | 0.35(+) | 0.36 (+) | Demo, Med; QOL domains; Meaning/Peace | No | ||||||
| Lazenby [22] | (+) | NS | 0.34 | −0.27 | 0.32 | QOL domains, Meaning, Peace | No | ||||
| Edmondson[45] | NS | 0.17(NSa; -b) | (Demo, Med, Psycho)a; (Meaning/Peace)b | No | |||||||
| Salsman [15] | (+a; NSb) | (+a; NSb) | (+a; NSb) | (Demo, Med, Psycho)a; (Meaning/Peace)b | No | ||||||
| Bai [37] | NS (NS) | (NS) | (NS) | (-) | (NS) | Meaning, Peace | No | ||||
| Canada [11] | (NS) | (-) | Meaning, Peace | No | |||||||
| Whitford [20] | 0.25 | NS | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.20 | Yes | |||||
| Whitford [21] | 0.25 | (NS) | NS | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.24 | QOL domains, Meaning, Peace | Yes | |||
| Noguchi [24] | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.36 | 0.52 | Yes | ||||||
| Peterman [10] | NS | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.31 | Yes | ||||||
| Kruse [41] | NS | Yes | |||||||||
| Voogt [27] | 0.29 (NS) | QOL domains, Demo, Med, Psycho | Yes | ||||||||
| Purnell [35] | 0.34 (NS) | Meaning, Peace | Yes | ||||||||
| Murphy [29] | NS | 0.25 | Yes | ||||||||
| Zavala [31] | (NS) | (NS) | (NS) | Meaning/Peace | Yes | ||||||
| Kim [42] | (NS) | (NS) | Demo, Med, Caregiver | Yes | |||||||
| Krupski [30] | (NS) | (NS) | (NS) | (NS) | (NS) | Demo, Med | Yes | ||||
| Jafari [25] | NS | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.30 | Yes | ||||||
| Religious Well-Being | Laubmeier [43] | (NS) | Existential well-being | Yes | |||||||
| Meaning/Peace | Kruse [41] | NS | No | ||||||||
| Brady [14] | 0.62 (+) | 0.49 (+) | Demo, Med; QOL domains; Faith | Yes | |||||||
| Whitford [20] | 0.69 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.53 | 0.67 | Yes | |||||
| Peterman [10] | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.54 | Yes | ||||||
| Noguchi [24] | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.59 | 0.68 | Yes | ||||||
| Voogt[27] | 0.43(+) | QOL domains, Demo, Med, Psycho | Yes | ||||||||
| Purnell [35] | 0.73 (+) | Faith | Yes | ||||||||
| Edmondson[45] | 0.26 (+) | 0.59 (+) | Demo, Med, Psycho, Faith | Yes | |||||||
| Murphy [29] | 0.28 (+) | 0.67 (+) | Faith | Yes | |||||||
| Zavala [31] | (+) | (+) | (+) | Faith | Yes | ||||||
| Kim [42] | (+) | (+) | Demo, Med, Caregiver | Yes | |||||||
| Canada [11] | (+) | (+) | Faith | Yes | |||||||
| Salsman [15] | (+) | (+) | (+) | Faith, Demo, Med, Psycho | Yes | ||||||
| Krupski[30] | (+) | (+) | (+) | (+) | (+) | Demo, Med | Yes | ||||
| Mazzotti [26] | 0.48 | Yes | |||||||||
| Bai [37] | (+) | Faith | Yes | ||||||||
| Existential Well-Being | Cohen [28] | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.46 | Yes | ||||||
| Laubmeier [43] | (+) | Religious well-being | Yes | ||||||||
| Meaning | Lazenby [22] | (+) | NS | 0.33 | NS | 0.25 | QOL domains, Peace, Faith | No | |||
| Whitford [21] | 0.58 | (+) | 0.30 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.56 | QOL domains, Peace, Faith | Yes | |||
| Murphy [29] | 0.27(+) | 0.55(+) | Peace | Yes | |||||||
| Kim [42] | (+) | (+) | Demo, Med, Caregiver | Yes | |||||||
| Canada [11] | (+) | (+) | Peace, Faith | Yes | |||||||
| Johnson [46] | (+) | Demo, Med, PCS | Yes | ||||||||
| Jafari [25] | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.41 | Yes | ||||||
| Bai [37] | 0.70 (+) | (+) | (+) | (+) | Peace, Faith | Yes | |||||
| Peace | Canada [11] | (NS) | (+) | Meaning, Faith | No | ||||||
| Lazenby [22] | (+) | −0.20 | 0.37 | −0.31 | 0.53 | QOL domains, Meaning, Faith | No | ||||
| Whitford [21] | 0.68 | (+) | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.64 | QOL domains, Meaning, Faith | Yes | |||
| Murphy [29] | 0.25(+) | 0.66(+) | Meaning | Yes | |||||||
| Kim [42] | (+) | (+) | Demo, Med, Caregiver | Yes | |||||||
| Jafari [25] | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.42 | Yes | ||||||
| Bai [37] | 0.63 (+) | (+) | (+) | Meaning, Faith | Yes | ||||||
Blank cells indicate that authors did not analyze the association of the item in the column with spiritual well-being.
(+) indicates a positive association reported in multivariate statistics; (-) indicates a negative association reported in multivariate statistics; (NS) indicates an insignificant association reported in multivariate statistics. Values without a (+) or a (-) indicate a zero-order (simple) correlation coefficient reported in bivariate statistics. When both bivariate and multivariate analyses were reported in a single study, the correlation coefficient appears first followed by the multivariate result in the corresponding cell.a,b
“Yes” denotes study results are in agreement with the major findings of this review; “No” indicates results are in conflict with the major findings on either the scale or factor level.
Demo, demographic variables; EWB, emotional well-being; FWB, functional well-being; MCS, mental component summary; Med, medical/clinical variables; PCS, physical component summary; Psycho, psychosocial variables; PWB, physical well-being; QOL, quality of life; SWB, social/family well-being.