Table 2.

Uncommon causes of stroke in young adults

Nonatherosclerotic angiopathies	Cervicocephalic arterial dissection
	Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
	Moyamoya disease
	Fibromuscular dysplasia
	Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
	Susac’s syndrome
	Sneddon’s syndrome
	Migraine-induced stroke
Hematologic conditions	Hypercoagulable state due to deficiencies of protein S, protein C, or antithrombin; factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene G20210A mutation
	Acquired hypercoagulable state (eg, cancer, pregnancy, hormonal contraceptive use, exposure to hormonal treatments such as anabolic steroids and erythropoietin, nephrotic syndrome)
	Antiphospholipid syndrome
	Hyperhomocysteinemia
	Sickle cell disease
	Myeloproliferative disorders (eg, leukemia, lymphoma)
Genetic	Fabry disease
	CADASIL
	MELAS
	Marfan syndrome
	Neurofibromatosis
	Sturge-Weber disease
Inflammatory and infectious	Vasculitis (primary angiitis of the CNS, Sjögren syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis)
	Temporal arteritis
	Takayasu disease
	Behçet’s syndrome
	Neurosarcoidosis
	Neurocysticercosis
	HIV
	Varicella zoster virus
	Neurosyphilis
	Tuberculous meningitis

Abbreviations: CADASIL, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; CNS, central nervous system; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; MELAS, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes.