Table 1.
Composition of major carotenoids in red pepper
| Red pepper (unit of concentration) | Carotenoids | Total | Reference | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antheraxanthin | Neoxanthin | Violaxanthin | Capsorubin | Capsanthin | Lutein | Zeaxanthin | Cryptoxanthin | α-carotene | β-carotene | Cryptocapsin | Capsanthin 5,6 & 3,6 epoxides | |||
| C. annuum var Jalapeno (a) | 58 | Nd | 12 | 13 | 750 | nd | 104 | 42 | nd | 77 | – | 8 | 1065 | Cervantes-Paz et al., 2014 |
| C. Chinense (7 varieties) (b) | nd–9.9 | – | – | – | nd–63.3 | nd–48.3 | nd–13.4 | nd–3.3 | nd–10.4 | nd–19.1 | nd–10.3 | – | – | Giuffrida et al. 2013 |
| C. annuum (3 varieties) (b) | nd–2.8 | – | – | – | nd–71.8 | nd–0.4 | 1.1–4.8 | nd–2.9 | nd | nd–10.8 | nd–1.1 | – | – | |
| C. frutescens (b) | 1.5 | – | 55.0 | ND | 11.0 | 0.2 | ND | ND | 2.2 | – | – | |||
| C. annum hybrids | ||||||||||||||
| F1 Amanda (c) | – | – | 31 | – | nd | 8 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | 41 | De Azevedo-Meleiro and Rodriguez-Amaya 2009 |
| F1 Magali (c) | – | – | 7 | 33 | 7 | – | – | – | 6 | – | 53 | |||
| C annum cv. AlevaNK (b) | 1.8 | – | 3.0 | 6.6 | 45.8 | – | 6.8 | – | – | 5.5 | – | – | 69.5 | Kevresan et al. 2009 |
| C. annuum 5Cv (a) | – | – | 50–101 | 26–67 | 769–1270 | – | 213–410 | 113–165 | – | 69–124 | – | – | 1440–2390 | Topuz and Ozdemir 2007 |
| C. annuum cv. Almuden (c) | – | – | 185–265 | 130–255 | 1053–1825 | – | 211–238 | 165–315 | – | 85–295 | – | – | 1829–3231 | Pérez-López et al. 2007 |
| C. annuum (10 varieties) (a) | nd–77 | 4–105 | 2–333 | nd–40 | nd–185 | 5–802 | nd–184 | nd–86 | nd–39 | 5.8–319 | nd–97 | – | 50–1796 | Guil-Guerrero et al. 2006 |
| C. annuum (3 varieties) (d) | Tr–7.1 | nd–2.2 | 13.2–22.0 | 0.35–4.2 | 19.8–22.6 | nd–0.9 | 3.6–7.2 | 6.8–14.9 | 1.3–3.0 | 14.9–20.9 | 0.2–10.0 | nd–13.0 | 6.76–7.52 | Collera-Zúñiga et al. 2005 |
| C. annuum cv. Jaranda (a) | 185 | – | 234 | 218 | 2211 | – | 640 | 575 | – | 656 | – | 69 | 4788 | Perez-Galvez and Minguez-Mosquera 2004 |
| C. annuum cv. Vergasa (e) | 1.1 | – | 2.3 | 3.0 | 26.2 | – | 4.0 | 1.5 | – | 4.3 | – | 0.9 | 45.6 | Marín et al. 2004 |
| C. annuum, cv. Turkish (a) | – | – | 392 | 382 | 4006 | – | 1022 | 430 | – | 360 | – | – | 7142 | Topuz and Ozdemir. 2003 |
| C. annuum (4 cultivars) (f) | – | – | – | – | nd–7443 | nd–955 | 293–956 | 131–973 | nd–2127 | 337–800 | – | – | 4146–32406 | Howard et al. 2000 |
| C. chinense (2 cultivars) (f) | – | – | – | – | 984–6754 | nd | 15–470 | nd–353 | nd–222 | 2–861 | – | – | 1001–8660 | |
| C. frutescens (f) | – | – | – | – | 14434 | ND | 1958 | 414 | 1252 | 1187 | – | – | 19245 | |
| C. annuum var. Km 622 (a) | – | – | 1008 | 1129 | 3404 | 381 | – | 166 | – | 1120 | 773 | – | 10160 | Markus et al. 1999 |
| C.aanuum var. longum ceratoid cv. Szentesi Kosszarvu paprika (g) | 1.6 | Nd | 2.0 | 2.6 | 31.8 | ND | 0.8 | 6.3 | 0.2 | 9.5 | 0.8 | 3.6 | 995 | Deli et al. 1996 |
| C. annuum (7 varieties) (h) | 0.1–0.7 | 0.1–0.8 | 0.1–0.6 | 0.1–2.0 | 2.9–5.7 | nd–0.4 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.2–0.5 | – | 0.3–1.6 | – | 0.1–0.7 | 4.2–13.6 | Almela et al. 1991 |
Units. a: mg/kg or μg/g in dry weight basis, b: % area in chromatogram, c: mg/kg or μg/g in fresh weight basis (or not specified), d: relative % of individual carotenoids & total carotenoids in mg/100 g in dry weight basis, e: mg/100 g in fresh weight basis, f: μg/100 g in dry weight basis, g: relative peak height of individual carotenoids to canthaxanthin in the chromatogram & total in mg/kg in dry weight basis, h: mg/g in dry weight basis