Table 1.
HIV-modulated proteins associated with cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions.
| Protein name | Abbrev | Accession # | Function/diseases | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myosin heavy chain, cardiac muscle alpha isoform | MYH6 | P13533 | “Fast” ATPase used to hydrolyze ATP in the heart and causes high-velocity muscle 2 | 0.000135 |
| Myosin heavy chain, cardiac muscle beta isoform | MYH7 | P12883 | “Slow” ATPase used to hydrolyze ATP in the heart and causes slow-velocity muscle contraction | 0.000440 |
| Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle and non-muscle isozymes | MYLK | Q15746 | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent enzyme involved in smooth muscle contraction via phosphorylation of myosin light chains; essential in gap junction formation and permeability | 0.000440 |
| Ryanodine receptor 1 | RYR1 | P21817 | Malignant hyperthermia, central core disease (increased heart rate, respiratory insufficiency), arrhythmia, heart failure | 0.000722 |
| Ryanodine receptor 2 | RYR2 | Q92736 | Heart failure, atrial fibrillation, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia | 0.000879 |
| Ryanodine receptor 3 | RYR3 | Q15413 | Abnormal contraction of skeletal muscle | 0.00615 |
| Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 | ITPR1 (or IP3R1) |
Q14643 | Myocardial hypertrophy, leaky channels, altered calcium signaling, contractile dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias | 0.00615 |
| Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 | ITPR2 (or IP3R2) |
Q14571 | Cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation | 0.00615 |
| Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 | AT2A2 (SERCA2) | P16615 | Abnormal contraction/relaxation cycles, dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, cardiac death | 0.00615 |
| Calumenin | CALU | O43852 | Ca2 + binding; regulates RYRs and coagulates blood | 0.0109 |
| Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II alpha chain | CaMKII | Q96RR4 | Regulates SERCA-related Ca2 + release | Detected in small quantities |
| Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 beta | PI3K (P3C2B) |
O00750 | Binds to its receptors ITPR1 and ITPR2; regulates myocardial contractility | 0.00288 |
Table 1: Full names, abbreviations, accession numbers (UniProt) and functional significance of HIV-modulated proteins identified to be associated with cardiovascular functions dysfunctions.
All 12 proteins are located in the plasma membrane/endoplasmic reticulum membrane. An overexpression of these proteins leads to cardiac muscle damage, tachycardia, heart failure, contractile dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure and/or cardiac death.