Figure 4.

Sphingosine kinase inhibitor, sphingosine kinase inhibitor II (SKI II), suppresses cytokine immunoreactivity in the placental labyrinth in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated embryonic day 15.5 mice. Sections of the placenta from sham, LPS-induced, and LPS-treated mice rescued from preterm birth with SKI II were fixed in formalin and subjected to immunohistochemistry, using antibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα;) (A), Il-1β (C), and Il-6 (E). Image-Pro Premier version 9.0 3,3′-diaminobenzidine analysis software was used to quantify intensity of immunoreactivity (B, D, and F). Arrows indicate immunostaining. At least three placentas from three different dams were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for each condition and each cytokine. Representative sections are shown. ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.005. Original magnification, ×400 (A, C, and E).