Table 3.
Studies reporting association of coronary artery calcium with outcomes in CKD
| Study (Reference) | Patients (n) | Study Design | Sample | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al. (43) | 279 | Longitudinal | Korean middle-aged outpatients with CKD, excluding those with CAD | CAC was associated with annual decrease in eGFR, even after adjustment for age, sex, baseline eGFR, albumin, and UPCR |
| Garland et al. (44) | 125 | Longitudinal | Consecutive Canadian outpatients from single center with CKD stages 3–5 | Log-transformed CAC correlated with decline in eGFR of ≥5% (r=0.22); higher baseline CAC associated with higher odds of decline in eGFR ≥5% at 1 yr |
| Maahs et al. (45) | 1066 | Longitudinal | CACTI study cohort with asymptomatic CVD | Worse UACR and eGFR associated with CAC progression |
| Russo et al. (46) | 341, 60 diabetic | Longitudinal | Single-center Italian inpatients and outpatients with CKD stages 2–5 and well controlled hypertension | CAC prevalence higher in patients with diabetes versus nondiabetic patients; patients with diabetes with CKD had higher annualized percentage increase in CAC and CV events |
| Russo et al. (50) | 181 | Longitudinal | Italian CKD stages 2–5 outpatients without symptomatic CVD | Compared with patients with baseline CAC score ≤100 AU, those with a score >100 AU had a higher hazard of CV death or MI (aHR, 4.11 [95% CI, 1.77 to 9.57]) (29 events) |
| Chiu et al. (47) | 225, all diabetic | Longitudinal | Proteinuric patients with mean UPCR of 2.7 and eGFR of 52 ml/min per 1.73 m2; 70% Latino | Those with highest (compared with lowest) quartile baseline CAC had a higher hazard of all-cause death (aHR, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.23 to 5.54]) (54 events) |
| Nguyen et al. (51) | 281, 42 diabetic | Longitudinal | Belgian kidney transplant recipients (98% white) from single center | Baseline CAC score was associated with CV composite (aHR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.12 to 1.75]) (31 events, 8 CV deaths) |
CAC, coronary artery calcium; CACTI, Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; UPCR, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio; AU, Agatston units; MI, myocardial infarction; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.