Table 2.
Association of AKI and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery
| Phase of Care, Action and/or Strategy, and Author | Year |
|---|---|
| Preoperative | |
| Delay surgery 24–48 h after contrast administration | |
| Provenchére et al. (44) | 2003 |
| Del Duca et al. (45) | 2007 |
| Hennessy et al. (46) | 2010 |
| McDonald et al. (191) | 2013 |
| Mariscalco et al. (5) | 2014 |
| Hold angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | |
| Yacoub et al. (193) | 2013 |
| Optimize glucose control in patients with diabetes (target A1c<7%) | |
| Gandhi GY et al. (155) | 2005 |
| Intraoperative | |
| Minimize cardiopulmonary bypass and crossclamp times | |
| Moran and Myers (16,37) | 1985 |
| Fischer et al. (119) | 2002 |
| Mariscalco et al. (7) | 2013 |
| Ricci et al. (15) | 2013 |
| Base red blood cell transfusions on physiologic data (e.g., SvO2 and lactate) and not on arbitrary thresholds | |
| Surgenor et al. (138) | 2006 |
| Surgenor et al. (143) | 2009 |
| Karkouti (144) | 2012 |
| Tchetche et al. (145) | 2012 |
| Nuis et al. (146) | 2012 |
| Khan et al. (147) | 2013 |
| Intraoperative and postoperative | |
| Favor vasopressin over α-agonists to combat vasodilation | |
| Patel et al. (108) | 2002 |
| Morelli et al. (106) | 2008 |
| Morelli et al. (107) | 2008 |
| Russell et al. (109) | 2008 |
| Avoid strict glucose control | |
| Gandhi et al. (155) | 2007 |
| Wiener et al. (154) | 2008 |
| Postoperative | |
| Target moderate glucose control | |
| Bhamidipati et al. (156) | 2011 |
| Hemodynamic management guided by goal-directed therapy principles | |
| Pölönen et al. (172) | 2000 |
| Gurgel and do Nascimento (168) | 2011 |
| Hamilton et al. (169) | 2011 |
| Goepfert et al. (173) | 2013 |
| Transfuse red blood cells to maintain hemoglobin>7.0–8.0 g/dl | |
| Hébert et al. (141) | 1999 |
| Hajjar et al. (139) | 2010 |
| Carson et al. (142) | 2011 |
| Administer diuretics only for specified medical indications | |
| Lombardi et al. (206) | 2003 |
| Lassnigg et al. (207) | 2000 |