Table 2.
European exposure values in children and mothers in the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES study and for those in NHANES.
| Biomarker of exposure | COPHES/DEMOCOPHES study | NHANESd | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % > LOQa | GM (95% CI)b | P90 (95% CI)b | n (%) exceeding guidance valuec | Period | n | GM (95% CI) | P90 (95% CI) | |
| Abbreviations: BE, biomonitoring equivalent; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; ∑(GM), sum of geometric means of MEHP, 5OH-MEHP, and 5oxo-MEHP; HBM-I, human biomonitoring value I; HBM-II, human biomonitoring value II; JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives; LOQ, limit of quantification; MBzP, monobenzyl phthalate; MEP, monoethyl phthalate; MiBP, monoisobutyl phthalate; MnBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; P90, 90th percentile. aLOQs ranged from 0.001 to 0.137 μg/g for mercury in hair, 0.1–1.2 μg/L for urinary cotinine, 0.001–0.2 μg/L for urinary cadmium, 0.3–3.9 μg/L for urinary MEHP, 0.1–9.2 μg/L for urinary 5OH-MEHP, 0.1–6.2 μg/L for urinary 5oxo-MEHP, 0.5–11 μg/L for urinary MEP, 0.2–5 μg/L for urinary MBzP, 0.5–4.4 μg/L for urinary MnBP, and 0.5–4.9 μg/L for urinary MiBP. bGeometric means and 90th percentiles are weighed but not adjusted for confounders (see “Methods”). cHealth-based exposure values are available for mercury: JECFA guideline = 2.3 μg/g (WHO 2004); cadmium: HBM-I in children = 0.5 μg/L; HBM-II in children = 1 μg/L; HBM-I in adults = 1.0 μg/L; HBM-II in adults = 4.0 μg/L (Schulz et al. 2012); BE in children and in mothers = 1.2 μg/L (Hays et al. 2008); phthalate metabolites: HBM-I value for DEHP metabolites are based on the sum of 5OH-MEHP and 5oxo-MEHP and equal 500 μg/L in children and 300 μg/L in adults (Schulz et al. 2012); BEs for DEHP metabolites are based on the sum of MEHP, 5OH–MEHP, and 5oxo-MEHP: 260 μg/L in both children and mothers (Aylward et al. 2009a); BE for MEP in mothers and children = 18 mg/L (Aylward et al. 2009b); BE for MBzP in children and adults = 3.8 mg/L (Aylward et al. 2009b). dNHANES: data for urinary cadmium and urinary phthalate metabolites from The Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Updated Tables, March 2013 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013); data for mercury in hair from McDowell et al. (2004). Data for COPHES/DEMOCOPHES children are compared with NHANES subgroup “Age group 6–11 years”; data for COPHES/DEMOCOPHES mothers are compared with NHANES subgroup “Females.” eUrinary DEHP metabolites: sum of MEHP, 5OH-MEHP, and 5oxo-MEHP. | |||||||||
| Children | |||||||||
| Mercury in hair (μg/g) | 1,836 | 85.9 | 0.145 (0.139, 0.151) | 0.800 (0.698, 0.917) | JECFA: n = 25 (1.4) | 1999–2000 | 838 | 0.12 (0.10, 0.12) | 0.41 |
| Urinary cotinine (μg/L) | 1,818 | 57.6 | 0.80 (0.76, 0.84) | 4.90 (3.90, 6.16) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Urinary cadmium (μg/L) | 1,698 | 70.1 | 0.071 (0.069, 0.074) | 0.220 (0.209, 0.232) | HBM-I: n = 6 (0.4) HBM–II: n = 0 (0.0) BE: n = 0 (0.0) | 2009–2010 | 415 | 0.057 (0.053, 0.061) | 0.130 (0.120, 0.160) |
| Urinary DEHP metabolites (μg/L)e | 1,816 | 85.6 | 47.6 (46.0, 49.3) | 137 (126, 150) | HBM-I: n = 12 (0.6) BE: n = 53 (2.9) | 2009–2010 | 415 | MEHP: 1.64 (1.45, 1.85) 5OH-MEHP: 15.0 (13.2, 17.1) 5-oxo-MEHP: 9.87 (8.72, 11.0) ∑(GM) = 26.5 | |
| Urinary MEP (μg/L) | 1,816 | 98.0 | 34.4 (32.8, 36.0) | 159 (138, 183) | BE: n = 0 (0.0) | 2009–2010 | 415 | 35.2 (31.2, 39.8) | 151 (114, 207) |
| Urinary MBzP (μg/L) | 1,816 | 95.2 | 7.1 (6.8, 7.5) | 27.8 (25.2, 30.6) | BE: n = 0 (0.0) | 2009–2010 | 415 | 11.6 (9.51, 14.1) | 63.9 (47.4, 76.8) |
| Urinary MnBP (μg/L) | 1,355 | 99.9 | 34.8 (33.5, 36.2) | 95.5 (87.3, 104.5) | — | 2009–2010 | 415 | 21.7 (19.0, 24.8) | 83.8 (59.6, 121) |
| Urinary MiBP (μg/L) | 1,355 | 99.8 | 45.4 (43.6, 47.3) | 131 (117, 147) | — | 2009–2010 | 415 | 10.2 (9.10, 11.4) | 35.7 (28.8, 46.9) |
| Mothers | |||||||||
| Mercury in hair (μg/g) | 1,839 | 90.5 | 0.225 (0.216, 0.234) | 1.200 (1.068, 1.349) | JECFA: n = 62 (3.4) | 1999–2000 | 1,726 | 0.20 (0.16, 0.24) | 1.11 |
| Urinary cotinine (μg/L) | 1,800 | 62.4 | 2.75 (2.41, 3.14) | 1,182 (974, 1,434) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Urinary cadmium (μg/L) | 1,685 | 93.8 | 0.219 (0.211, 0.228) | 0.620 (0.580, 0.663) | HBM-I: n = 49 (2.9) HBM–II: n = 0 (0.0) BE: n = 26 (1.5) | 2009–2010 | 1,450 | 0.188 (0.172, 0.206) | 0.740 (0.620, 0.880) |
| Urinary DEHP metabolites (μg/L)e | 1,800 | 81.6 | 29.2 (28.1, 30.3) | 91 (84, 100) | HBM-I: n = 19 (1.0) BE: n = 28 (1.5) | 2009–2010 | 1,350 | MEHP: 1.39 (1.21, 1.60) 5OH-MEHP: 11.0 (9.58, 12.8) 5-oxo-MEHP: 7.09 (6.17, 8.14) ∑(GM) = 19.5 | |
| Urinary MEP (μg/L) | 1,800 | 95.2 | 48.2 (45.6, 51.0) | 252 (221, 287) | BE: n = 0 (0.0) | 2009–2010 | 1,350 | 67.8 (60.3, 76.4) | 548 (392, 675) |
| Urinary MBzP (μg/L) | 1,800 | 91.8 | 4.5 (4.3, 4.7) | 17.7 (16.1, 19.5) | BE: n = 0 (0.0) | 2009–2010 | 1,350 | 6.04 (5.38, 6.77) | 29.3 (24.5, 36.9) |
| Urinary MnBP (μg/L) | 1,347 | 99.4 | 23.9 (23.0, 24.9) | 66.2 (60.5, 72.4) | — | 2009–2010 | 1,350 | 14.7 (13.1, 16.5) | 57.7 (52.7, 63.9) |
| Urinary MiBP (μg/L) | 1,347 | 99.4 | 30.1 (28.9, 31.4) | 88 (81, 96) | — | 2009–2010 | 1,350 | 7.50 (6.68, 8.43) | 29.1 (25.3, 33.5) |