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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Behav Genet. 2015 Jan 21;45(2):215–227. doi: 10.1007/s10519-014-9702-6

Table 3.

Heritabilities for Behaviors: Frequency Measures

A) Truck
Behavior Heritability Covariates p value
Aggression 0.24 Sex 0.0000063
Back Stand 0.32 age/sex 0.0000028
Abnormal Behav 0.38 age/sex 4.88 × 10−10
Front Stand 0.18 Sex 0.002
Locomotion 0.28 age/sex 0.000051
Mantle Shake 0.14 Sex 0.011
Object interaction 0.19 age/sex 0.0018
Other Location 0.30 age/sex 0.000006
Passive 0.29 age/sex 0.0000029
Self Scratch 0.13 age/sex 0.0097
Cage Slap 0.36 Sex 0.000001
Watch Object 0.30 age/sex 0.0000005
Watch Observer 0.38 age/sex 1.00 × 10−9
Yawn 0.12 Sex 0.011
B) Bear
Behavior Heritability Covariates p value
Aggression 0.28 age/sex 0.0000001
Avert 0.32 age/sex 0.000009
Back Sit 0.15 None 0.0038
Back Stand 0.30 Sex 0.000006
Abnormal Behav 0.29 None 0.0000011
Locomation 0.50 age/sex 3.54 × 10−12
Other Location 0.28 age/sex 0.0000013
Passive 0.22 age/sex 0.000033
Self Scratch 0.32 Age 2.19 × 10−8
Cage Slap 0.37 age/sex 4.19 × 10−10
Submissive 0.19 None 0.00077
Watch Observer 0.31 age/sex 1.89 × 10−8
C) Mirror
Behavior Heritability Covariates p value
Aggression 0.24 None 0.0021
Watch Observer 0.27 None 0.00052
Front Sit 0.20 age/sex 0.0047
Half Yawn 0.24 Sex 0.00037
Lips Smack 0.21 None 0.0058
Locomotion 0.23 age/sex 0.00065
Other Location 0.20 Sex 0.00034
Self-Scratch 0.14 age/sex 0.031
Cage Slap 0.27 None 0.00055
Yawn 0.22 Sex 0.000066