Table 3.

Robust maximum likelihood parameter estimates for the complete measurement invariance model across the four groups.

Parameter	Boys ineligible for FRL			Girls ineligible for FRL			Boys eligible for FRL			Girls eligible for FRL
	Unstd.	SE	Std.	Unstd.	SE	Std.	Unstd.	SE	Std.	Unstd.	SE	Std.
Equality-constrained estimates
Factor variances and covariances
AK	152.07	34.94	1.00	132.02	28.12	1.00	223.69	34.26	1.00	253.54	43.68	1.00
PA	13.00	2.76	1.00	8.84	2.53	1.00	12.63	1.73	1.00	11.31	1.90	1.00
SP	61.17	10.29	1.00	45.98	9.66	1.00	49.62	5.71	1.00	33.96	5.42	1.00
AK with PA	38.02	7.91	.86	24.61	6.61	.72	35.38	5.73	.67	35.20	6.24	.66
PA with SP	21.76	4.59	.77	18.71	4.44	.93	21.23	2.64	.85	17.27	2.71	.88
AK with SP	68.80	16.66	.71	37.56	12.65	.48	75.88	10.72	.72	64.24	11.73	.69
Factor loadings
AK → LN	1.00	.00	.82	1.00	.00	.74	1.00	.00	.86	1.00	.00	.83
AK → LS	1.04	.06	.80	1.04	.06	.86	1.04	.06	.87	1.04	.06	.92
PA → BL	1.00	.00	.82	1.00	.00	.78	1.00	.00	.84	1.00	.00	.83
PA → EL	.75	.55	.63	.75	.55	.61	.75	.55	.80	.75	.55	.73
SP → RW	1.00	.00	.91	1.00	.00	.90	1.00	.00	.89	1.00	.00	.87
SP → PW	.78	.03	.91	.78	.03	.91	.78	.03	.87	.78	.03	.85
Measurement error variances
ELN	76.40	21.95	.33	106.95	22.87	.45	78.32	14.43	.26	117.18	21.43	.32
ELS	90.69	20.52	.36	50.03	24.90	.26	78.16	17.77	.24	48.72	18.17	.15
EBL	6.33	2.20	.33	5.74	1.42	.39	5.21	.76	.29	5.16	1.14	.31
EEL	11.01	2.73	.60	8.56	1.94	.63	3.97	.77	.36	5.68	1.29	.47
ERW	12.40	4.76	.17	10.71	3.93	.19	13.42	2.68	.21	11.20	2.05	.25
EPW	7.60	2.84	.17	6.14	1.79	.18	9.73	1.66	.24	8.09	1.40	.28

Note: AK = alphabet knowledge; LN = DIBELS Letter Name Fluency; LS = AimsWeb Letter Sound Fluency; PA = phonological awareness; BL = CTOPP Blending; EL = CTOPP Elision; SP = spelling; RW = decodable real words; PW = pseudowords; FRL = free or reduced-price lunch; SE = standard error; unstd. = unstandardized; std. = standardized.

All parameter estimates, p < .01.