Table 3.
GEE Empirical Significance Tests and Effect Size Estimates for the Intervention Effect Averaged Over the 3-, 6-, and 12-month Follow-up Assessments Unadjusted for Baseline Prevalence and Adjusted for Baseline Prevalence, Mdantsane and Berlin, South Africa 2004–2006
| Unadjusted for Baseline | Adjusted for Baseline | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Outcome | a Estimate (95% CI) | Cohen’s d | p value | a Estimate (95% CI) | Cohen’s d | p value |
| Met 5-a-Day guideline in the past 30 days | 1.21 (1.00, 1.46) | 0.12 | 0.047 | 1.30 (1.07, 1.58) | 0.16 | 0.008 |
| Servings of fruit per day in the past 30 days | 0.46 (0.07, 0.85) | 0.14 | 0.022 | 0.54 (0.18, 0.90) | 0.19 | 0.003 |
| Servings of vegetables per day in the past 30 days | 0.72 (0.30, 1.14) | 0.21 | 0.0009 | 0.77 (0.38, 1.16) | 0.24 | 0.0001 |
| Met physical activity guideline in past 7 days | 1.71 (1.42, 2.05) | 0.33 | <0.0001 | 1.56 (1.29, 1.89) | 0.27 | <0.0001 |
| Days intensive cardiovascular physical activity in past 7 days | 0.47 (0.30, 0.64) | 0.34 | <0.0001 | 0.44 (0.27, 0.60) | 0.33 | <0.0001 |
| Days moderate cardiovascular physical activity in past 7 days | 0.69 (0.50, 0.89) | 0.44 | <0.0001 | 0.67 (0.47, 0.86) | 0.43 | <0.0001 |
| Days strength-building physical activity in past 7 days | 0.50 (0.29, 0.72) | 0.29 | <0.0001 | 0.35 (0.15, 0.56) | 0.22 | 0.0006 |
| Smoked cigarettes in past 30 days | 1.07 (0.60, 1.92) | −0.04 | 0.816 | 1.06 (0.59, 1.91) | −0.04 | 0.834 |
| Drank alcohol in past 30 days | 0.86 (0.58, 1.26) | 0.09 | 0.434 | 0.98 (0.67, 1.44) | 0.01 | 0.916 |
| Binged on alcohol in past 30 days | 0.80 (0.55, 1.19) | 0.14 | 0.270 | 0.84 (0.56, 1.24) | 0.11 | 0.369 |
| Health knowledge | 2.61 (2.23, 2.99) | 0.92 | <0.0001 | 2.54 (2.20, 2.88) | 1.03 | <0.0001 |
| Attitude toward health-promoting behavior | 0.42 (0.34, 0.49) | 1.05 | <0.0001 | 0.43 (0.37, 0.51) | 0.89 | <0.0001 |
| Intention for health-promoting behavior | 0.42 (0.34, 0.50) | 0.79 | <0.0001 | 0.45 (0.38, 0.53) | 0.81 | <0.0001 |
| Attitude toward using drugs and alcohol | −0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) | 0.00 | 0.996 | −0.00 (−0.05, 0.04) | 0.01 | 0.879 |
| Intention to use drugs and alcohol | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | 0.05 | 0.408 | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) | 0.02 | 0.794 |
a
Estimate = OR (Health intervention versus HIV/STD control) for binary outcome variables meeting 5-a-Day diet and physical activity guideline; estimate = mean difference (Health intervention – HIV/STD control) for continuous outcomes other health behaviors and theoretical mediators. Cohen’s d is an effect size estimate in standard deviation units calculated using the Cox method for odds ratios and the z test statistic and N from the GEE analysis for continuous variables.