Table 5. Baseline characteristics and echocardiographic parameters of the study patients stratified by E/E’ and LAVI.
| Variables | Group 1, (n = 71) E/E’ ≤15, LAVI ≤32 | Group 2, (n = 6) E/E’ >15, LAVI ≤32 | Group 3, (n = 46) E/E’ ≤15, LAVI >32 | Group 4, (n = 71) E/E’ >15, LAVI >32 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.44 ± 15.95 | 64.50 ± 13.59 | 59.52 ± 13.39 | 61.73 ± 12.20 | 0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 46 (64.8) | 0 (0) | 30 (65.2) | 38 (53.5) | 0.011 |
| Dialysis modality (HD) | 51 (71.8) | 5 (83.3) | 39 (84.8) | 60 (84.5) | 0.208 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.88 ± 3.23 | 22.49 ± 2.87 | 23.54 ± 3.88 | 24.45 ± 3.18 | 0.041 |
| Smoking (Yes) | 9 (12.7) | 0 (0) | 10 (21.7) | 10 (14.1) | 0.384 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 137.65 ± 17.70 | 136.67 ± 15.25 | 143.60 ± 18.87 | 144.72 ± 19.37 | 0.009 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.53 ± 12.31 | 82.83 ± 12.92 | 75.50 ± 12.10 | 76.59 ± 14.07 | 0.244 |
| Primary cause of renal disease | 0.722 | ||||
| Diabetes | 27 (38.0) | 4 (66.7) | 24 (52.2) | 36 (50.7) | |
| Hypertension | 16 (22.5) | 2 (33.3) | 12 (26.1) | 14 (19.7) | |
| GN | 10 (14.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.7) | 9 (12.7) | |
| Others | 4 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | 4 (5.6) | |
| Unknown | 14 (19.7) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.7) | 8 (11.3) | |
| Comorbid disease | |||||
| Chronic lung disease | 5 (7.0) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (4.3) | 12 (17.1) | 0.096 |
| Coronary arterial disease | 6 (8.5) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.7) | 17 (23.9) | 0.021 |
| Arrhythmia | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (4.3) | 7 (9.9) | 0.033 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 11 (15.5) | 1 (16.7) | 7 (15.2) | 14 (19.7) | 0.899 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8 (11.3) | 2 (33.3) | 7 (15.2) | 18 (25.4) | 0.113 |
| Ulcer | 6 (8.5) | 1 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (5.6) | 0.161 |
| Liver disease | 4 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | 3 (4.2) | 0.641 |
| DM | 34 (47.9) | 4 (66.7) | 27 (58.7) | 46 (64.8) | 0.217 |
| Modified CCI | 4.74 ± 2.85 | 5.67 ± 1.75 | 5.40 ± 2.36 | 5.56 ± 2.61 | 0.133 |
| Davies score | 0.90 ± 0.85 | 1.40 ± 0.89 | 1.02 ± 0.78 | 1.24 ± 1.12 | 0.055 |
| Baseline laboratory findings | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.00 ± 1.17 | 9.48 ± 0.85 | 8.51 ± 0.92 | 9.70 ± 9.64 | 0.083 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 61.26 ± 31.81 | 44.53 ± 30.38 | 58.80 ± 25.02 | 54.15 ± 26.93 | 0.223 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 7.86 ± 2.64 | 5.71 ± 2.67 | 7.80 ± 3.53 | 16.12 ± 1.91 | 0.131 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.27 ± 0.56 | 2.88 ± 0.46 | 3.65 ± 2.77 | 3.19 ± 0.60 | 0.102 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 147.53 ± 38.66 | 129.66 ± 27.60 | 152.82 ± 41.34 | 152.29 ± 43.16 | 0.343 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 103.04 ± 46.73 | 85.50 ± 27.47 | 115.30 ± 53.16 | 124.22 ± 46.49 | 0.208 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 83.75 ± 26.27 | 73.50 ± 22.29 | 82.44 ± 33.19 | 79.86 ± 30.82 | 0.757 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40.70 ± 11.77 | 41.33 ± 21.57 | 37.78 ± 14.30 | 35.01 ± 9.66 | 0.253 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.21 ± 3.88 | 134.33 ± 3.67 | 138.50 ± 2.54 | 136.76 ± 4.18 | 0.032 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.02 ± 0.69 | 3.40 ± 0.33 | 4.15 ± 0.67 | 4.20 ± 0.89 | 0.851 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 23.25 ± 4.96 | 24.00 ± 2.00 | 22.76 ± 3.60 | 22.38 ± 4.31 | 0.779 |
| iPTH (pmol/L) | 188.82 (100.0–230.7) | 82.76 (25.01–146.47) | 217.40 (104.50–223.30) | 196.50 (91.32–272.19) | 0.358 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 12.98 (1–8.04) | 16.78 (6.19–28.75) | 11.76 (1.13–16.98) | 21.75 (1.10–28.17) | 0.203 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 5692 (618–8482) | 16572 (4277–35000) | 11283 (2354–21047) | 17157 (5223–35000) | <0.001 |
| cTnT (ng/mL) | 0.06 (0.020–0.09) | 0.072 (0.020–0.151) | 0.106 (0.030–0.102) | 0.138 (0.047–0.130) | 0.142 |
| 24hr-urine related parameter | |||||
| Urine volume (mL/day) | 1078.6 (640.0–1400.0) | 698.3 (515.0–837.5) | 760.9 (430.0–1025.0) | 665.1 (375.0–890.0) | 0.005 |
| Urine protein (mg/day) | 2265.9 (658.9–2966.0) | 2239.2 (1020.4–3053.3) | 1622.9 (385.8–2077.7) | 2236.1 (559.8–2793.7) | 0.424 |
| Echocardiography parameters | |||||
| LVEF (%) | 65.42 ± 7.05 | 65.66 ± 8.76 | 66.20 ± 7.06 | 62.18 ± 8.22 | 0.019 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 49.67 ± 5.29 | 48.16 ± 6.30 | 54.83 ± 5.40 | 54.76 ± 6.29 | <0.001 |
| LVESD (mm) | 33.63 ± 5.43 | 32.17 ± 6.55 | 36.93 ± 6.30 | 37.83 ± 5.86 | <0.001 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 121.84 ± 29.29 | 125.53 ± 34.54 | 145.18 ± 35.86 | 152.03 ± 30.98 | <0.001 |
| E/E’ | 10.59 ± 2.29 | 21.83 ± 6.36 | 12.13 ± 2.17 | 22.68 ± 6.19 | <0.001 |
| E’ (cm/sec) | 6.00 ± 2.39 | 4.00 ± 1.79 | 6.13 ± 1.56 | 4.58 ± 1.22 | <0.001 |
| E/A | 0.87 ± 0.34 | 0.84 ± 0.43 | 1.04 ± 0.57 | 1.17 ± 0.68 | 0.015 |
| DT (msec) | 222.80 ± 68.58 | 237.00 ± 66.22 | 204.54 ± 55.71 | 193.98 ± 58.48 | 0.031 |
| LAD (mm) | 36.21 ± 5.50 | 37.00 ± 3.63 | 45.17 ± 7.43 | 46.30 ± 5.66 | <0.001 |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 26.13 ± 6.01 | 29.71 ± 2.40 | 46.60 ± 18.50 | 51.06 ± 17.75 | <0.001 |
| RVSP (mmHg) | 25.24 ± 7.70 | 27.83 ± 10.26 | 30.78 ± 10.75 | 35.55 ± 13.74 | <0.001 |
| RAP (mmHg) | 5.38 ± 2.07 | 6.67 ± 2.58 | 6.70 ± 4.27 | 6.48 ± 2.85 | 0.070 |
HD, hemodialysis; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GN, glomerulonephritis; DM, diabetes mellitus; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end systolic diameter; LAD, left atrial diameter; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; DT, deceleration time; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, number (percentage), or median (range).