Fig. 1.

Numerous signaling pathways converge to post-translationally modify class IIa HDACs. Class IIa HDACs are modified by phosphorylation, sumoylation, disulfide bridges, acetylation, ubiquitinylation, and are cleaved by caspases. Sites with enzymes assigned to their modification are shown at the top of each protein schematic; uncharacterized sites are shown at the bottom. Functional domains of class IIa HDACs are highlighted: MEF, MEF2 binding domain; NLS, nuclear localization signal; DAC, deacetylation domain; NES, nuclear export sequence. A, HDAC4, B, HDAC5, C, HDAC7, D, HDAC9.