Table 3.

Factors Influencing HANDLS Participants' Risk for Depression by Logistic Regression¹

Parameter	β Estimate±SE	p	Odds ratio	95% Confidence limits
Caffeine	0.00046±0.0003	0.1299	1.000	[0.999, 1.000]
Theobromine	0.00071±0.0009	0.4209	1.001	[0.999, 1.002]
Sex: men vs. women	−0.1311±0.0529	0.0132	0.769	[0.625, 0.947]
Race: African American vs. white	−0.0946±0.0607	0.1192	0.828	[0.652, 1.050]
Age	−0.0131±0.0057	0.0212	0.987	[0.976, 0.998]
Global cognitive function: normal vs. impaired	−0.1095±0.0819	0.1812	0.803	[0.583, 1.107]
Education: <high school vs. high school+	0.1323±0.0601	0.0276	1.303	[1.130, 1.649]
Literacy: ≤5th grade vs. post–high school	0.3637±0.1044	0.0005	1.853	[1.336, 2.571]
Literacy: 6th–8th grade vs. post–high school	−0.0323±0.1056	0.7599	1.247	[0.902, 1.726]
Literacy: high school vs. post–high school	−0.0781±0.089	0.3804	1.192	[0.905, 1.568]
Current Smoker: no vs. yes	−0.1793±0.0543	0.001	0.699	[0.565, 0.864]
Employment: no vs. yes	0.415±0.0546	<0.0001	2.293	[1.852, 2.840]

¹CES-D used to determine risk for depression.¹⁵