Table 6.

Descriptive statistics of ages 6–9 measures, and their correlations with age 9 writing quality

Variables (max possible score)	N	Range	M	SD	Reliability	R Age 9 writing
Age 6	153
Age in months	153	66–80	73.39	3.47	-	.12
Speeded naming	153	6.40–32.56	14.13	4.11	.86	−.44**
Visual matching	153	76–157	121.63	15.40	-	.33**
Cross out a	153	72–179	125.03	15.28	-	.38**
Chinese dictation (40)	153	1–37	16.45	7.20	.91	.47**
Vocabulary definitions (104)	153	0–51	21.69	8.63	.85	.21*
Phonological Awareness (51)	153	9–51	26.58	7.83	.93	.33**
Age 7	153
Age in months	153	80–97	88.31	3.89	-	.11
Speeded naming	153	1.00–28.11	12.03	3.62	.83	−.32**
Visual matching	153	81–172	127.74	16.70	-	.39**
Cross out a	153	63–154	122.61	14.53	-	.38**
Chinese dictation (50)	153	1–50	30.68	10.13	.92	.50**
Vocabulary definitions (104)	153	7–72	36.66	12.03	.87	.24**
Phonological Awareness (51)	153	13–51	32.59	9.58	.95	.30**
Age 8	153
Age in months	153	89–104	97.07	3.45	-	.11
Speeded naming	153	5.21–23.50	10.12	3.09	.87	−.33**
Chinese dictation (96)	153	4–86	51.46	16.70	.96	.54**
Vocabulary definitions (104)	153	8–86	40.04	14.98	.91	.32**
Phonological Awareness (51)	153	8–51	36.44	9.83	.93	.31**
Age 9	153
Age in months	153	103–117	109.64	3.43	-	.13
Vocabulary definitions (104)	153	11–82	47.12	16.67	.93	.32**
Handwriting fluency numbers	153	25–74	49.98	11.38	.98	.27**
Handwriting fluency sentence	153	5–28	15.64	3.80	.93	.34**
Overall writing quality (28)	151	7–27.5	18.07	3.74	.89
Writing: length	151	4–164	69.48	31.73	-	.74**
Writing: Number of words	151	0–12	1.17	1.88	-	−.16*

Cronbach’s Alpha reliabilities are reported for Chinese dictation, vocabulary definitions, and phonological awareness. Test-retest reliability is reported for speeded naming, and a Pearson’s correlation coefficient is reported as inter-rater reliability for writing and both handwriting fluency measures

^*p< .05;

^**p< .01

^aStandard scores based on an American sample (SD=15, M=100)