Table 1.
Description of the auditory stimuli
| Acoustic parameters: Mean (s.d.) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotion | Duration (ms) | Number of events | Mode | Tempo | Spectral centroid (Hz) | Spectral flux (a.u.) | Intensity flux (a.u.) | Spectral regularity (a.u.) | RMS (a.u.) | HNR (dB) | Median f0 (Hz) |
| Music | |||||||||||
| Fear | 1454 (115) | 6*,** (2.52) | Minor | 119.75 (43.16)*,** | 1763.44 (866.33) | 28.68*,** (13.81) | 271.23 (63.83) | 1.18 (0.28) | 0.0979 (0.0219) | 8.09** (5.71) | 169.69 (97.88) |
| Happiness | 1431 (159) | 7.83*,** (2.26) | Major | 149 (33.03)*,** | 1930.48 (824.03) | 31.45*,** (12.09) | 246.46 (58.83) | 0.96 (0.36) | 0.1059 (0.0263) | 15.75 (7.19) | 261.26 (108.59) |
| Sadness | 1473 (71) | 2.92 (1.29) | Minor | 65.33 (17.19) | 1767.13 (954.10) | 17.63 (10.16) | 276.47 (56.94) | 1.07 (0.32) | 0.0962 (0.0187) | 15.09 (9.05) | 207.90 (111.90) |
| Neutral | 1505 (152) | 3.75 (1.05) | Major | 69.79 (7.54) | 1637.26 (660.44) | 19.92 (6.82) | 281.34 (46.25) | 1.02 (0.35) | 0.1069 (0.0274) | 13.27 (8.51) | 186.09 (92.69) |
| Vocalizations | |||||||||||
| Fear | 1362 (289) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 2567.45*,** (784.82) | 85.09*,** (31.30) | 372.83** (70.28) | 0.98* (0.59) | 0.2394*,** (0.0726) | 8.81 (5.44) | 303.66 (92.5) |
| Happiness | 1766 (179) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1798.60 (566.58) | 66.91 (31.06) | 323.39 (61.59) | 0.73 (0.47) | 0.1967** (0.0688) | 9.57 (4.24) | 257.97 (88.27) |
| Sadness | 1404 (450) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 2328.96 (1093.57) | 52.67 (20.64) | 307.97 (59.25) | 0.65 (0.29) | 0.1299 (0.0381) | 10.36 (5.42) | 295.69 (75.00) |
| Neutral | 1264 (336) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1912.84 (624.22) | 57.86 (27.89) | 315.63 (112.08) | 0.53 (0.31) | 0.1747 (0.0733) | 10.45 (6.18) | 257.94 (78.55) |
Note: Significantly different from *neutral and **sad (P < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). a.u., arbitrary units. The spectral centroid (weighted mean of spectrum energy) reflects the global spectral distribution and has been used to describe the timber, whereas the spectral flux conveys spectrotemporal information (variation of the spectrum over time) (Marozeau et al., 2003; MIRtoolbox; Lartillot et al., 2008). The intensity flux is a measure of loudness as a function of time (Glasberg and Moore, 2002; Loudness toolbox. GENESIS®, Aix en Provence, France). Other measures were also computed such as the root mean square (RMS), the harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR) and the median f(0) (Fecteau et al., 2007; Lima et al., 2013; Boersma & Weenink, 2014).