Table 1.

Published cases of acute renal failure during acute/primary HIV infection

First author (year)	Age, race, gender	Acute/primary HIV infection diagnosis	Renal disease diagnosis	Other findings	Outcome of acute renal failure
del Rio C (1990) [2]	29-year old, African American man	Non-reactive HIV EIA and Western Blot with seroconversion 4 weeks after presentation	Acute tubular necrosis and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis by renal biopsy, Creatinine was 2.8 mg/dl and 24-hour urine protein was 6 g	Rhabdomyolysis	Improved after supportive care
Levin ML (2001) [4]	41-year old, Black male	Non-reactive HIV EIA with HIV RNA 700,000 copies/ml. Patient experienced HIV seroconversion 6 weeks later	Acute renal failure from HIVAN diagnosed by renal biopsy. Creatinine was 7.3 mg/dl and 24-hour urine protein was 6.9 g.	None reported	Improved with supportive care and antiretroviral therapy
Prabahar MR (2008) [7]	42-year old, Saudi male	Reactive HIV EIA but primary HIV infection was presumed because of high HIV RNA and consistent clinical profile	Acute renal tubular necrosis diagnosed by renal biopsy with a creatinine of 6.8 mg/dl	Rhabdomyolysis, acute hepatitis	Improved after hemodialysis
Pano-Pardo JR (2009) [6]	19-year old, Haitian American female	HIV seroconversion within the past 8 weeks	Bilateral renal infarcts on CT scan, acute renal failure with a creatinine of 2.3 mg/dl	Rhabdomyolysis, myocarditis, pancreatitis, anemia	Recovered with supportive care
Gomes AM (2009) [3]	38-year old, Black male	Inconclusive HIV EIA and non-reactive Western Blot with HIV RNA >1,000,000 copies/ml	Acute renal failure with a creatinine of 7.5 mg/dl. Renal biopsy was not done due to risk of bleeding	Hemolytic uremic syndrome (hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia)	Improved after plasmapheresis and hemodialysis
Merrill ER (2011) [5]	19-year old, African American male	HIV seroconversion during the hospitalization period	Acute tubular necrosis diagnosed by renal biopsy with a creatinine of 8 mg/dl and abnormal urinalysis (3+ protein, 3+ blood, 158 red cells/HPF)	Rhabdomyolysis, acute hepatitis. CMV IgG was positive	Improved after hemodialysis
Szabo S (2002) [1]	47-year old, African American woman	Reactive HIV EIA and a negative Western Blot with HIV RNA >75,000 copies/ml	Creatinine of 14 mg/dl and 24-hour urine protein of 21.4 g. Renal biopsy showed severe collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis consistent with HIVAN	None reported	Improved after hemodialysis but later died from bacterial sepsis

Footnote: HIVAN: HIV-associated nephropathy, EIA: enzyme immunoassay, CMV: Cytomegalo virus.