Table 3.
Overall and abdominal obesity by place of residence, physiological, and socio-economic factors among 35- to 70-year-old Tunisian women (complete-case analysis n = 2,633)
| Overall obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | Abdominal obesity (WC ≥ 88 cm) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | ||||||||
| n | %b | ORc | C.I.d | ORc | C.I.d | %b | ORc | C.I.d | ORc | C.I.d | |
| Place of residence | |||||||||||
| Area | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.021 | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.45 | |||||||
| Rural | 1184 | 24.1% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 49.7% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Urban | 1449 | 45.0% | 2.6 | 2.0-3.3 | 1.4 | 1.1-1.7 | 67.7% | 2.1 | 1.6-2.7 | 1.1 | 0.9-1.5 |
| Region | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | |||||||
| South-West | 366 | 32.9% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 43.1% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Center-West | 433 | 25.0% | 0.7 | 0.5-1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.5 | 42.4% | 1.0 | 0.6-1.5 | 1.2 | 0.8-1.9 |
| North-West | 440 | 26.5% | 0.7 | 0.5-1.2 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.6 | 42.8% | 1.0 | 0.7-1.5 | 1.3 | 0.9-2.0 |
| South-East | 384 | 44.9% | 1.7 | 1.1-2.6 | 1.7 | 1.1-2.6 | 77.2% | 4.5 | 3.1-6.4 | 5.0 | 3.4-7.2 |
| Center-East | 366 | 39.9% | 1.4 | 0.9-2.0 | 1.3 | 0.9-1.9 | 63.9% | 2.3 | 1.6-3.4 | 2.5 | 1.7-3.8 |
| North-East | 326 | 35.7% | 1.1 | 0.8-1.7 | 1.3 | 0.9-1.8 | 65.1% | 2.5 | 1.7-3.6 | 3.1 | 2.1-4.7 |
| Greater Tunis | 318 | 49.3% | 1.9 | 1.3-3.0 | 1.7 | 1.1-2.5 | 77.1% | 4.4 | 2.7-7.4 | 5.4 | 3.5-8.2 |
| Physiological factors | |||||||||||
| Age | P = 0.029 | P = 0.035 | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.018 | |||||||
| 35-44 y. | 886 | 34.0% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 53.6% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 45-54 y. | 937 | 42.5% | 1.4 | 1.1-1.9 | 1.6 | 1.1-2.2 | 66.2% | 1.7 | 1.3-2.2 | 1.5 | 1.1-2.1 |
| 55-70 y. | 810 | 38.6% | 1.2 | 1.0-1.6 | 1.5 | 1.0-2.2 | 68.5% | 1.9 | 1.4-2.5 | 1.5 | 1.0-2.2 |
| Menopause | P = 0.96 | P = 0.22 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.46 | |||||||
| No | 1242 | 37.9% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 57.5% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 1391 | 38.0% | 1.0 | 0.8-1.2 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 | 66.3% | 1.5 | 1.2-1.8 | 1.1 | 0.8-1.5 |
| Parity | P = 0.023 | P = 0.55 | P = 0.22 | P = 0.019 | |||||||
| 1st tertile (0-3) | 772 | 38.4% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 58.4% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 2nd tertile (4-5) | 819 | 41.6% | 1.1 | 0.9-1.5 | 1.2 | 0.9-1.5 | 63.7% | 1.3 | 1.0-1.6 | 1.3 | 1.0-1.7 |
| 3rd tertile (6+) | 1042 | 33.8% | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.4 | 63.4% | 1.2 | 0.9-1.6 | 1.5 | 1.1-2.0 |
| Socio-economic position | |||||||||||
| Marital status | P = 0.65 | P = 0.89 | P = 0.63 | P = 0.55 | |||||||
| Other | 443 | 39.2% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 65.4% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Married | 2190 | 37.7% | 0.9 | 0.7-1.2 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.3 | 61.0% | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7-1.2 |
| Education | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.12 | P = 0.0081 | P = 0.048 | |||||||
| No formal schooling | 1550 | 32.5% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 59.1% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Primary school | 769 | 45.6% | 1.7 | 1.4-2.2 | 1.2 | 0.9-1.6 | 67.3% | 1.4 | 1.1-1.8 | 1.1 | 0.9-1.5 |
| Secondary or more | 314 | 39.8% | 1.4 | 1.0-1.9 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.4 | 59.0% | 1.0 | 0.7-1.4 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.1 |
| Professional activity | P = 0.54 | P = 0.079 | P = 0.035 | P = 0.014 | |||||||
| Not working/Retired | 2142 | 38.6% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 63.9% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Employee/worker | 376 | 38.0% | 1.0 | 0.7-1.4 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.5 | 54.9% | 0.7 | 0.5-1.0 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.0 |
| Upper/Intermediate | 115 | 31.9% | 0.7 | 0.4-1.3 | 0.5 | 0.3-0.9 | 53.5% | 0.7 | 0.4-1.1 | 0.5 | 0.3-0.9 |
| Household welfare index e | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.001 | |||||||
| 1st quintile | 710 | 17.0% | 1 | - | 1 | - | 41.8% | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 2nd quintile | 657 | 33.6% | 2.5 | 1.8-3.5 | 1.9 | 1.4-2.7 | 59.4% | 2.0 | 1.5-2.7 | 1.6 | 1.2-2.1 |
| 3rd quintile | 568 | 45.3% | 4.0 | 2.9-5.6 | 2.8 | 2.0-4.0 | 70.0% | 3.1 | 2.3-4.1 | 2.2 | 1.6-3.0 |
| 4th quintile | 385 | 50.5% | 5.0 | 3.5-7.0 | 3.5 | 2.4-5.2 | 72.8% | 3.7 | 2.7-5.3 | 2.7 | 1.9-3.9 |
| 5th quintile | 313 | 46.9% | 4.3 | 2.9-6.4 | 3.6 | 2.3-5.7 | 68.2% | 3.0 | 1.9-4.7 | 2.8 | 1.9-4.3 |
aAssociation of response variable with each place of residence, physiological, or socio-economic variable adjusted for all other variables in column 1.
bPrevalence proportion (weighted estimates).
cPrevalence Odds-Ratio vs. reference category for which OR = 1, taking into account sampling design.
d0.95 confidence interval taking into account sampling design.
eIncreasing household welfare level from 1st to 5th quintile.