Figure 1.

Self-assembly method and experimental timelines. The skin substitutes were produced using the self-assembly method. The fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of ascorbic acid, and then ECs were seeded onto the fibroblast sheets. The manipulable sheets were transposed and incubated for 7 days to form the dermal component. Keratinocytes were seeded upon endothelialized fibroblast sheets to prepare bilayered skin substitutes. After one week of culture, the dermal and bilayered substitutes were raised to the air-liquid interface.