Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and the risk for mental illness based on GHQ-12 and HADS
| Smoker group (n = 101) |
Comparison group (n = 101) |
X 2 | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Year) (mean ± SD) | 38.9 ± 12.0 | 39.9 ± 13.3 | 0.6* | 0.539 | |
| Gender (Male) | 69 (68.3%) | 63 (62.4%) | 0.8 | 0.375 | |
| Marital status (Married) | 63 (62.4%) | 81 (80.1%) | 14.3 | 0.002† | |
| Mean income | Base wage rate or lower | 46 (50.5%) | 37 (40.7%) | 6.5 | 0.040† |
| Two or three times the base wage rate | 29 (31.9%) | 45 (49.5%) | |||
| Higher than three times the base wage rate | 16 (17.6%) | 9 (9.9%) | |||
| Educational status | Primary school and under | 49 (48.5%) | 46 (45.5%) | 0.5 | 0.797 |
| High school | 49 (48.5%) | 53 (52.5%) | |||
| University or higher | 3 (3.0%) | 2 (2.0%) | |||
| Spouse’s smoking | 21 (33.3%) | 12 (14.8%) | 6.9 | 0.009†† | |
| Children smoking | 13 (21.3%) | 6 (7.9%) | 3.8 | 0.052 | |
| Alcohol consumption | 36 (35.6%) | 6 (5.9%) | 25.3 | 0.001†† | |
| The risk for mental illness based on GHQ-12 | 38 (37.6%) | 8 (7.9%) | 23.7 | 0.001†† | |
| The risk for anxiety based on HADS | 17 (16.8%) | 4 (4.0%) | 7.7 | 0.006† | |
| The risk for depression based on HADS | 23 (22.8%) | 5 (5.0%) | 12.0 | 0.001†† | |
| The risk for anxiety and depression based on HADS | 12 (11.9%) | 3 (3.0%) | 4.6 | 0.032† | |
†p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, *t-test for equality of means used for only this line, a likelihood ratio chi-square test was used for the following lines. (GHQ: General Health Questionnaire, HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale).