Table 2.
Hazard Ratio for Death According to Vitamin Intake Among Men, Leisure World Cohort Study, 1981–2013
| Vitamin Intake | No. of Subjects |
No. of Deaths |
Model 1a |
Model 2b |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||
| Tertile of dietary vitamin A | ||||||
| Low (<6,667 IU/day) | 1,762 | 1,719 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Medium | 1,614 | 1,593 | 0.94 | 0.87, 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.07 |
| High (≥15,333 IU/day) | 1,607 | 1,566 | 0.93 | 0.87, 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.07 |
| Tertile of dietary vitamin C | ||||||
| Low (<145 mg/day) | 1,947 | 1,901 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Medium | 1,716 | 1,680 | 1.00 | 0.94, 1.07 | 1.05 | 0.98, 1.12 |
| High (≥210 mg/day) | 1,320 | 1,297 | 1.00 | 0.94, 1.08 | 1.05 | 0.98, 1.13 |
| Supplemental vitamin A | ||||||
| No | 2,907 | 2,845 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 2,076 | 2,033 | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.91, 1.02 |
| Supplemental vitamin C | ||||||
| No | 2,109 | 2,064 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 2,874 | 2,814 | 0.96 | 0.90, 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.92,1.04 |
| Supplemental vitamin E | ||||||
| No | 2,533 | 2,479 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 2,450 | 2,399 | 0.96 | 0.91, 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.04 |
| Tertile of total vitamin A | ||||||
| Low | 1,792 | 1,747 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Medium | 1,630 | 1,604 | 0.98 | 0.91, 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.96, 1.10 |
| High | 1,561 | 1,527 | 0.94 | 0.88, 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.08 |
| Tertile of total vitamin C | ||||||
| Low | 1,920 | 1,879 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Medium | 1,598 | 1,564 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.05 | 1.02 | 0.95, 1.09 |
| High | 1,465 | 1,435 | 0.96 | 0.90, 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.07 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
a
Results were adjusted for age.
b
Results were adjusted for age, smoking, body mass index, exercise, alcohol intake, caffeine consumption, and histories of hypertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.