Table 1.
Craving and Smoking Parameters by Cue
| CITS | NITS | CITS–NITS main effecta | CITS–NITS × cue interaction | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral | Smoking | Alcohol | Positive | Negative | Smoking prohibited | Neutral | Smoking | Alcohol | Positive | Negative | Smoking prohibited | |||
| M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | p | p | |
| n | 146 | 137 | 140 | 140 | 144 | 141 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | ||
| Craving | ||||||||||||||
| Appetitive craving | ||||||||||||||
| Pre-cue | 19.64 (15.04) | 17.88 (15.41) | 18.10 (15.30) | 20.19 (14.62) | 19.13 (15.04) | 16.63 (14.71) | 15.05 (13.28) | 15.60 (14.48) | 14.85 (14.05) | 13.42 (12.11) | 14.14 (13.57) | 14.93 (13.52) | .003 | – |
| Post-cue | 20.44 (15.31) | 21.59 (16.93) | 2.057 (16.07) | 19.62 (15.09) | 20.29 (16.02) | 18.44 (15.95) | 15.03 (13.38) | 16.09 (14.58) | 16.98 (14.91) | 13.09 (13.17) | 14.40 (14.66) | 15.42 (14.12) | .001 | .38 |
| Distress relief craving | ||||||||||||||
| Pre-cue | 7.90 (9.39) | 7.63 (9.44) | 7.78 (9.72) | 8.63 (9.44) | 8.05 (9.97) | 7.46 (9.40) | 5.79 (7.09) | 5.78 (7.60) | 5.35 (6.84) | 5.30 (6.43) | 5.07 (6.59) | 5.69 (6.54) | .013 | – |
| Post-cue | 8.66 (9.99) | 10.18 (12.16) | 10.01 (11.70) | 8.33 (9.13) | 9.96 (11.61) | 8.94 (10.85) | 6.09 (7.23) | 6.13 (7.77) | 6.13 (7.53) | 5.39 (7.04) | 6.16 (8.68) | 6.24 (7.55) | .003 | .56 |
| Smoking parameters | ||||||||||||||
| % Who smoked | 60.66 | 59.74 | 60.68 | 61.56 | 58.42 | 56.94 | 44.20 | 51.97 | 46.16 | 41.11 | 46.54 | 46.67 | .048 | .67 |
| % Who lit second cigaretteb | 15.50 | 13.87 | 17.10 | 16.34 | 15.43 | 12.83 | 5.30 | 26.85 | 16.98 | 16.97 | 8.35 | 11.46 | .59c | .10c |
| Median latency to smoke (s)b | 41.50 | 33.00 | 43.00 | 52.00 | 43.00 | 43.00 | 48.00 | 39.00 | 43.00 | 47.00 | 37.00 | 37.00 | .052 | .09d |
| Number of puffsb | 14.24 (6.40) | 14.24 (6.59) | 14.71(6.53) | 13.61 (6.53) | 14.46 (6.24) | 14.05 (5.94) | 12.20 (5.76) | 15.73 (12.20) | 13.54 (8.20) | 13.82 (11.57) | 13.71 (8.73) | 14.01 (10.30) | .54 | .009 |
| Total puff time (s)b | 20.23 (12.56) | 20.64 (13.17) | 20.18 (9.91) | 19.41 (10.22) | 21.30 (10.72) | 20.29 (11.54) | 17.65 (11.74) | 22.97 (15.01) | 19.77 (14.11) | 18.41 (14.19) | 20.48 (15.20) | 18.66 (11.43) | .54 | .10 |
| CO change post–pre cue (ppm)b | 2.75 (2.41) | 2.63 (2.36) | 3.17 (2.21) | 2.89 (2.37) | 3.37 (2.10) | 3.33 (2.39) | 2.29 (2.56) | 3.06 (2.68) | 2.59 (2.59) | 1.77 (3.36) | 2.42 (3.01) | 2.92 (2.27) | .01 | .11 |
All statistics were weighted by race. CITS = converted intermittent smoker; CO = carbon monoxide; DS = daily smoker; NITS = native intermittent smoker; ppm = parts per million.
aTest of mean differences, controlling for order, stimulus, and time since last cigarette.
bAmong those who smoked (CITS: n = 521 sessions, n = 121 participants; NITS: n = 204 sessions, n = 51 participants).
cAnalysis controlled for log latency to light the first cigarette, which affected the time available to light a second.
dAll interaction effects between history of DS and active stimuli compared to neutral condition were p > .35.