Fig. 4.

Interventions that improve insulin sensitivity are associated with reduced adipose tissue NNMT expression and plasma MNA concentrations. (a) NNMT expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue before (light-grey bars) and after exercise intervention (dark-grey bars) for individuals with NGT, IGT or type 2 diabetes (n = 20 each; ***p < 0.001 vs pre-exercise, paired t test). (b) Intra-individual change in NNMT expression (percentage of pre-exercise expression, **p < 0.001 vs NGT, paired t test) upon exercise. (c) Correlation between adipose tissue NNMT expression and GIR during hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp before the exercise programme (r ² = 0.61, p < 0.001) and (d) after the exercise programme (r ² = 0.50, p < 0.001). (e) Omental and subcutaneous WAT NNMT expression in the context of a two-step bariatric surgery (n = 45; ***p < 0.001 vs first surgery, paired t test). (f) Change in plasma MNA concentration upon two-step bariatric surgery (n = 38; **p = 0.001 vs first surgery, paired t test). Light-grey bars, samples obtained at first surgery; dark-grey bars, samples obtained at second surgery 12 ± 2 months later. AU, arbitrary units; scWAT, subcutaneous WAT; T2D, type 2 diabetes