Table 1.
Reported actions of ajulemic acid
| Observed Response | Potency | Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reduces paw edema in mice | 0.1 mg/kg | Arachidonic acid or PAF induction | Burstein et al., 1992 |
| Reduces leukocyte adhesion | 0.5 mg/kg | Mouse peritoneal cells | Burstein et al., 1992 |
| Produces analgesia | 0.05 mg/kg | Mouse hot plate at 55°C | Burstein et al., 1992 |
| Adjuvant-induced chronic arthritis | 0.1 mg/kg | Male rats | Zurier et al., 1998 |
| Reduces leukocyte migration | 0.2 mg/kg | Subcutaneous air pouch | Zurier et al., 1998 |
| Decreases chronic neuropathic pain | 20 mg b.i.d. | Humans with refractory pain | Karst et al., 2003 |
| Reduction of writhing | 1.2 mg/kg i.v. | p-phenylquinone writhing test | Burstein et al., 1998 |
| Reduction of pain | 4.6 mg/kg i.v. | Formalin anti-nociception test | Burstein et al., 1998 |
| Analgesia | 4.4 mg/kg i.g. | Mouse tail clip test | Dajani et al., 1999 |
| Reversal of hyperalgesia | 0.1-1 mg/kg | Inflammatory pain in the rat | Dyson et al., 2005 |
| Increased latency | 3.3 mg/kg | Tail flick assay | Dyson et al., 2005 |
| Hypothermia | 10 mg/kg | Core temperature | Dyson et al., 2005 |
| Reduced mechanical allodynia | 10 mg/kg | Nerve-injury induced model | Mitchell et al., 2005 |
| Reduced mechanical allodynia | 10 mg/kg | CFA-induced inflammatory pain | Mitchell et al., 2005 |
| Inhibits metalloproteinases | 10 μM | Human synovial cells | Johnson et al., 2007 |
| Induction of apoptosis | 1 μM | T lymphocytes | Bidinger et al., 2003 |
| Decreases secretion of IL-1β | 5 μM | Synovial fluid monocytes | Zurier et al., 2003 |
| Increased COX-2 expression | 20 μM | Human synovial cells | Stebulis et al., 2008 |
| Increased production of LXA4 | 0-30 μM | Human blood or synovial cells | Zurier et al., 2009 |
| Suppression of bladder activity | 1.44 μM | Rats | Hayn et al., 2008 |
| Inhibition of cell proliferation | 5.8-16 μM | Cancer cells in vitro | Recht et al., 2001 |
| Anti metastatic activity | 0.1 mg/kg | SCID-NOD mouse flank tumor | Recht & Salmonsen, unpub |
| Prevents progression of fibrosis | 1 mg/kg | Bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis | Gonzalez et al., 2012 |
| Reduction of spastic activity | 0.1 m/kg i.v. | Rat multiple sclerosis model | Pryce et al., 2013 |
| Suppresses osteoclastogenesis | 15 μM | Precursor mouse macrophages | George et al., 2008 |