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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 6.
Published in final edited form as: J Polit Econ. 2015 Feb 1;123(1):170–214. doi: 10.1086/677756

Table 5.

One-Year Spending

Dependent Variable: log(One-Year Spending) (1) (2) (3) (4)
Average log(Hospital Spending) 0.594 0.569 0.624 0.623
(0.111)** (0.112)** (0.115)** (0.114)**
Observations 351,701 351,701 351,701 351,701
Outcome Mean 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1
Diagnosis Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes
Demographic Controls No Yes Yes Yes
Ambulance Controls No No Yes Yes
Comorbidity Controls No No No Yes
ZIP Code Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes

Note: Estimates reported for Equation (2) in the text. All models include ZIP code and year fixed effects. Patient controls include indicators for year of age, race, sex, miles from the ZIP code centroid, and comorbidities. Ambulance controls are listed in Table 1. Standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the HSA level.

*

significant at 5%;

**

significant at 1%

Source: 2002–2010 Medicare Part A Claims Data