Table 7.

NYS First Stage, OLS and 2SLS (block groups)

A. Dependent Variable: Mean Area log(Spending)
	1 mile		2 miles		5 miles
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Ambulance Dispatch Area:	0.715	0.738	0.671	0.678	0.627	0.632
Mean Area log(Spending)	(0.207)**	(0.206)**	(0.181)**	(0.177)**	(0.153)**	(0.148)**
Year Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Demographic Controls	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Diagnosis and Comorbidity Controls	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Observations	142809	142809	213968	213968	281036	281036
Mean of Dep. Var.	8.700	8.700	8.701	8.701	8.715	8.715
B. Dependent Variable: 1-year Mortality
	1 mile		2 miles		5 miles
	OLS		OLS		OLS
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Mean Area log(Spending)	0.009	−0.015	0.014	−0.012	0.015	−0.016
	(0.010)	(0.008)*	(0.010)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.007)*
	2SLS		2SLS		2SLS
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Mean Area log(Spending)	−0.046	−0.054	−0.038	−0.047	−0.040	−0.047
	(0.031)	(0.023)*	(0.028)	(0.024)*	(0.024)*	(0.020)*
Year Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Demographic Controls	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Diagnosis and Comorbidity Controls	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Observations	142809	142809	213968	213968	281036	281036
Mean of Dep. Var.	0.236	0.236	0.236	0.236	0.236	0.236

Panel A reports estimates from Equation (3) in the text, and Panel B reports estimates from Equation (4). All models include boundary fixed effects. Demographic controls include indicators for age, race, sex, miles from the hospital to the block-group centroid, and US Census block-group characteristics. Diagnosis controls include the patient’s three-digit principal diagnosis code. Comorbidities included are those listed in Table A5 aggregated into 4 categories by diagnosis type. Standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the ambulance service-area level.

^*significant at 5%;

^**significant at 1%

2000–2006 SPARCS Inpatient Data