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(A) Zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) and (B) planarized apertures utilize nanofabricated metallic structures to limit the illumination for fluorescence spectroscopy to sub-diffraction-limited areas. ZMWs illuminate the membrane at the bottom of the aperture while planarized apertures provide 60 nm resolution of planar membranes. (Adapted with permission from (A) Refs. 60 and 77 and (B) Ref. 50)
