. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Psychol Sci. 2014 Jul 18;3(2):301–330. doi: 10.1177/2167702614534210

Table 2.

Mean Effect Size Analyses

Measure	N	k	d	95% CI		SE	Z	p	Homogeneity Test				Publication Bias		IQ Matching

				LL	UL				v	Q	df	p	d Trimmed & Filled (k trimmed)	d Published Only (k)	d IQ Matched Only (k)
Inhibition:
Inhibition Comp.	2753	50	0.37^*	0.24	0.51	0.07	5.35	<.001	0.15	141.01	49	<.001	0.37^* (0)	0.40^* (46)	0.43^*(24)
Stroop (Incongruent Time)	861	16	0.55^*	0.21	0.90	0.18	3.14	.002	0.39	85.36	15	<.001	0.55^* (0)	0.55^* (16)	0.99 (4)
Stroop (Interference)	1326	18	0.36^*	0.17	0.56	0.10	3.72	.002	0.10	44.89	17	<.001	0.36^* (0)	0.40^* (17)	0.53^* (7)
Stroop (Accuracy)	240	6	0.39^*	0.11	0.67	0.14	2.73	.006	0.00	3.62	5	.606	0.39^* (0)	0.39^* (6)	0.38 (3)
Stop Signal (SSRT)	248	6	0.62^*	0.23	1.01	0.20	3.14	.002	0.13	10.80	5	.055	0.62^* (0)	0.60^* (5)	0.62^* (6)
Go/No-Go (No-Go Accuracy)	438	11	0.24	−0.07	0.55	0.16	1.51	.132	0.16	25.14	10	.005	0.24 (0)	0.18 (10)	0.41 (5)

Shifting:
Shifting Comp.^a	4762	74	0.50^*	0.42	0.58	0.04	12.23	<.001	0.05	122.35	73	<.001	0.36^* (19)	0.49^* (68)	0.53^* (36)
ID/ED Shift (Accuracy)	435	7	0.50^*	0.31	0.70	0.10	5.13	<.001	0.00	1.99	6	.921	0.48^* (1)	0.49^* (6)	0.53^* (5)
OAT/DAT (Accuracy)	1131	17	0.32^*	0.15	0.49	0.09	3.72	<.001	0.05	29.07	16	.023	0.23^* (4)	0.29^* (15)	0.30^* (9)
TMT-B (Time)	2659	37	0.54^*	0.42	0.66	0.06	8.67	<.001	0.07	76.69	36	<.001	0.54^* (0)	0.53^* (33)	0.59^*(16)
WCST (Perseverative Errors)^b	2706	42	0.44^*	0.33	0.55	0.06	7.82	<.001	0.06	75.80	41	<.001	0.29^*(12)	0.45^* (39)	0.46^*(20)
Cued Task Switching (Switch Cost)	102	3	0.35	−0.05	0.76	0.21	1.70	.089	0.00	0.53	2	.767	0.35 (0)	0.35 (3)	–

Updating:
n-Back	375	4	0.71^*	0.26	1.15	0.23	3.13	.002	0.12	8.08	3	.044	0.61^* (1)	0.71^* (4)	–

Verbal Working Memory:
Verbal WM Comp.	1673	24	0.22^*	0.08	0.36	0.07	3.06	.002	0.06	46.30	24	.004	0.22^* (0)	0.22^* (22)	0.21 (11)
Verbal WM Manipulation Comp.	942	14	0.31^*	0.10	0.52	0.11	2.87	.004	0.09	31.22	13	.003	0.26^* (1)	0.31^* (12)	0.22 (8)
Digit Span Backward (Span)	771	11	0.21	0.00	0.42	0.11	1.95	.052	0.06	20.01	10	.029	0.21 (0)	0.20 (9)	0.11 (7)
Verbal WM Maintenance Comp.^c	1206	19	0.07	−0.06	0.20	0.07	1.02	.310	0.02	25.74	18	.106	0.06 (1)	0.07 (17)	0.01 (8)
Digit Span Forward (Span)^c	1206	19	0.08	−0.05	0.20	0.06	1.21	.225	0.02	24.29	18	.146	−0.07 (7)	0.07 (17)	0.03 (8)

Visuospatial Working Memory:
Visuospatial WM Comp.	1483	24	0.47^*	0.31	0.62	0.08	6.01	<.001	0.07	44.10	23	.005	0.47^* (0)	0.48^* (21)	0.47^*(12)
Block Span (Span)	1107	14	0.43^*	0.27	0.59	0.08	5.43	<.001	0.03	18.89	13	.13	0.33^* (3)	0.43^* (12)	0.41^* (8)
Self-Ordered Pointing (Accuracy)	596	11	0.62^*	0.37	0.87	0.13	4.93	<.001	0.09	20.89	10	.022	0.56^* (1)	0.72^* (9)	0.74^* (8)
DMTS (Accuracy)	122	3	0.49	−0.10	1.09	0.30	1.62	.106	0.16	4.68	2	.096	0.49 (0)	0.49 (3)	–

Verbal Fluency:
VF Comp.	2681	40	0.36^*	0.26	0.47	0.05	6.79	<.001	0.04	62.91	39	.009	0.29^* (7)	0.37^* (37)	0.42^*(19)
Phonemic VF (Words)^d	2462	35	0.39^*	0.31	0.47	0.04	9.17	<.001	0.00	30.39	34	.645	0.39^* (0)	0.38^* (33)	0.41^*(18)
Semantic VF (Words)	1088	17	0.34^*	0.11	0.57	0.12	2.96	<.001	0.15	50.77	16	<.001	0.26^* (2)	0.34^* (17)	0.42^* (8)

Planning:
Planning Comp.	2017	28	0.44^*	0.31	0.57	0.07	6.42	<.001	0.06	55.05	27	.001	0.35^* (6)	0.42^* (26)	0.50^*(17)
TOL/TOH (Accuracy)	1853	25	0.44^*	0.27	0.61	0.09	5.11	<.001	0.12	71.85	24	<.001	0.36^* (4)	0.41^* (23)	0.53^*(17)
TOL/TOH (Movement Latency)	850	12	0.42^*	0.23	0.62	0.10	4.17	<.001	0.05	20.03	11	.045	0.29^* (3)	0.44^* (11)	0.50^* (6)

Motor Speed Tasks:
TMT-A (Time)	2297	32	0.57^*	0.45	0.68	0.06	9.74	<.001	0.04	48.79	31	.022	0.49^* (5)	0.55^* (30)	0.60^*(22)
General motor Speed Comp.	514	10	0.34^*	0.05	0.63	0.15	2.30	.021	0.13	23.12	9	.006	0.34^* (0)	0.39^* (8)	0.08 (3)

Notes. Dashes indicate too few IQ matched studies to conduct analysis (k< 3). N= number of participants; k = number of studies; d= weighted mean Cohen’s d effect size; CI= confidence interval; LL= lower limit; UL = upper limit; v = random-effects variance component; Q = heterogeneity; Comp. = composite score; WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; OAT/DAT = Object alternation task/delayed alternation task; TMT–B = Trail Making Test Part B; TMT–A =Trail Making Test Part A; ID/ED = Intradimensional/Extradimensional; WM = working memory; DMTS = delayed-match-to-sample; VF = verbal fluency; TOL/TOH = Tower of London, Tower of Hanoi.

One outlier excluded (d=2.66). With this outlier included the weighted mean effect size is d=0.53.

^a One outlier excluded (d=2.66). With this outlier included the weighted mean effect size is d=0.47.

One outlier excluded (d=1.96). With this outlier included the weighted mean effect size is d=0.14.

One outlier excluded (d =−0.58). With this outlier included the weighted mean effect size is d=.0.37

significant (p < .05)