Table 2.
Chocolate Candy Intake1 and Three-year Change in Body Weight among Post-menopausal Women in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Cohort.
| Chocolate Candy Intake (1 oz Serving) | Adjusted for Age, Race/ethnicity & WHI Study Arm | Adjusted for all Confounders 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N 2 at Year 0 | N at Year 3 | Body Weight Change (kg) 3 | N at Year 0 | N at Year 3 | Body Weight Change (kg) | |
| <1/month | 35205 | 22602 | 0 (REFERENT) | 33636 | 21594 | 0 (REFERENT) |
| ≥1/month – <1/week | 39208 | 24920 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 37279 | 23761 | 0.76 (0.66, 0.85) |
| ≥1/week – <3/ week | 21983 | 15743 | 1.16 (1.05, 1.27) | 20938 | 15029 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.06) |
| ≥3/ week | 16296 | 10695 | 1.78 (1.65, 1.90) | 15390 | 10240 | 1.40 (1.27, 1.53) |
| An Additional 1 oz per Day | 112692 | 73960 | 1.29 (1.16, 1.41) | 107243 | 70624 | 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) |
| P for Linear Trend5 | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| P for Quadratic Trend5 | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
Data are presented as mean (95% confidence interval) estimated by means of a linear mixed effects model, in which the exposure and outcome variable and confounders were updated at year 3 (see text for details).
Frequency of chocolate-candy intake was assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency question.
N is the number of participants who provided data values in each of the categories of chocolate-candy intake at year 0 & 3.
Body weight change is the change in kg during the three year period between year 0 and 3:1) among participants in a particular chocolate-candy intake category, compared to participants who reported eating chocolate candy <1/ month (referent category); and 2) among all participants. The change is associated with the consumption of an additional 1 oz of chocolate candy per day.
Adjusted for age (year); time (year 0 and 3); chocolate-candy intake (1 oz servings/day)*time; baseline height squared; ethnicity (white, other); WHI study arm (2 groups); smoking status (never, past, current <15/day, current >=15/day); physical activity (total activity at work, sports and leisure, in MET-hrs/wk); educational level (<high school; Some high school -<college; some college-<postgraduate study; >=postgraduate study or degree); non-chocolate daily caloric intake (kcal/day); modified alternative health eating index. All confounders were continuous or binary variables.
Tests for linear trend were performed by putting the linear version of chocolate-candy intake in the model. Tests for quadratic trend were performed by putting the linear and quadratic version of chocolate-candy intake in the model.