Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| No Complaint | Complaint | p-value** | Effect Size§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, n | 191 | 206 | -- | -- |
| Age, y | 77 (7) | 73 (8) | <0.001 | 0.26 |
| Sex, % Female | 35 | 36 | 0.86 | -- |
| Race, % White | 92 | 95 | 0.31 | -- |
| Education, y | 16 (3) | 16 (3) | 0.27 | 0.00 |
| APOE-ε4, % Positive | 49 | 57 | 0.11 | -- |
| Mini-Mental State Examination | 27.0 (1.8) | 27.0 (1.8) | 0.82 | 0.00 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale | 1.0 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.23 | −0.08 |
| Conversion to Dementia,ŧ% | 13 | 17 | 0.39 | -- |
|
| ||||
| Neuropsychological Outcomes | No Complaint | Complaint | p-value** | Effect Size§ |
|
| ||||
| Digit Symbol Coding | 36 (11) | 37 (11) | 0.42 | −0.09 |
| Trail Making Test - Part A* | 46 (25) | 44 (21) | 0.29 | 0.09 |
| Trail Making Test - Part B* | 135 (77) | 128 (70) | 0.48 | 0.10 |
| Digit Span Backward | 6.2 (2.2) | 6.2 (1.9) | 0.40 | 0.00 |
| Category Fluency - Animals | 15.7 (5.0) | 16.0 (4.8) | 0.37 | −0.06 |
| Category Fluency - Vegetables | 10.9 (3.6) | 10.6 (3.3) | 0.29 | 0.09 |
| Boston Naming Test | 25.5 (4.2) | 25.5 (4.0) | 0.79 | 0.00 |
| Logical Memory - Immediate Recall | 7.4 (3.2) | 6.8 (3.1) | 0.09 | 0.19 |
| Logical Memory - Delayed Recall | 4.1 (2.7) | 3.6 (2.6) | 0.08 | 0.19 |
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test | ||||
| Trials 1-5 Total Learning | 31.7 (9.6) | 29.8 (8.4) | 0.04 | 0.11 |
| Learning Slope | 0.9 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| Immediate Recall | 4.3 (3.4) | 3.3 (2.8) | 0.006 | 0.16 |
| Delayed Recall | 3.4 (3.6) | 2.3 (2.9) | 0.003 | 0.17 |
| Delayed Recognition | 10.2 (3.7) | 9.3 (3.5) | 0.006 | 0.14 |
|
| ||||
| Neuroimaging Outcomes† | No Complaint | Complaint | p-value** | Effect Size§ |
|
| ||||
| Hippocampal Volume† | 0.41 (0.08) | 0.41 (0.07) | 0.93 | 0.00 |
| Parahippocampal Gyrus Thickness | 0.24 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.04) | 0.15 | 0.00 |
| Entorhinal Cortex Thickness | 0.20 (0.05) | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.29 | −0.10 |
| Cingulate Volume† | 0.48 (0.04) | 0.47 (0.04) | 0.75 | 0.25 |
| Frontal Lobe Volume† | 4.14 (0.27) | 4.15 (0.25) | 0.71 | −0.04 |
| Temporal Lobe Volume† | 2.43 (0.17) | 2.45 (0.16) | 0.15 | −0.12 |
| Parietal Lobe Volume† | 3.04 (0.21) | 3.06 (0.20) | 0.54 | −0.10 |
Note: Data presented as mean (standard deviation);
*
higher raw scores represent worse performance;
ŧ
mean follow-up interval=2.8±1.2 years;
†
all volumetric neuroimaging variables corrected for intracranial volume;
§
Cohen’s d;
**
based on Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous variables and Pearson’s chi-square for categorical variables