TABLE 5. Prospective Analysis: Psychological, Social, and Mechanical Factors as Independent Variables and Low Work Ability Prognosis (Categories 1 and 2) at Follow-Up as Outcome—Binary Logistic Regressions, Odds Ratios Adjusted for Baseline WAP.
| Baseline Exposure as Predictor | Average Exposure as Predictorb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work Exposure | Confounders Includeda | n | OR (99% CI) | n | OR (99% CI) |
| Decision demands | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | 255 | 1 (reference) | 243 | 1 (reference) | |
| Middle | 1185 | 1.04 (0.52–2.08) | 1024 | 0.72 (0.36–1.46) | |
| High | 1478 | 1.00 (0.50–2.01) | 1547 | 0.89 (0.45–1.77) | |
| Continuous | 2918 | 0.94 (0.71–1.24) | 2814 | 0.97 (0.70–1.33) | |
| Quantitative demands | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | 953 | 1 (reference) | 780 | 1 (reference) | |
| Middle | 1178 | 1.19 (0.75–1.90) | 1443 | 1.24 (0.76–2.02) | |
| High | 855 | 1.02 (0.59–1.75) | 697 | 1.42 (0.79–2.56) | |
| Continuous | 2986 | 1.03 (0.79–1.36) | 2920 | 1.10 (0.81–1.49) | |
| Role clarity | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | Support from immediate superior | 83 | 1 (reference) | 47 | 1 (reference) |
| Middle | Positive challenge | 298 | 1.38 (0.39–4.85) | 224 | 0.44 (0.13–1.52) |
| High | 2421 | 0.93 (0.28–3.07) | 2352 | 0.35 (0.11–1.09) | |
| Continuous | 2802 | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | 2623 | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | |
| Role conflict | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | 1524 | 1 (reference) | 1644 | 1 (reference) | |
| Middle | Human resource primacy | 1115 | 1.40 (0.90–2.20) | 914 | 2.04 (1.28–3.24)** |
| High | 238 | 1.37 (0.66–2.87) | 194 | 2.18 (1.01–4.72)* | |
| Continuous | 2877 | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 2752 | 1.40 (1.01–1.95)* | |
| Positive challenge | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | 89 | 1 (reference) | 75 | 1 (reference) | |
| Middle | Human resource primacy | 419 | 0.99 (0.34–2.89) | 319 | 0.34 (0.12–0.95)* |
| High | Social climate | 2186 | 0.67 (0.24–1.87) | 2082 | 0.32 (0.12–0.81)* |
| Continuous | 2694 | 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 2476 | 0.65 (0.46–0.92)* | |
| Control over work intensity | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | 756 | 1 (reference) | 708 | 1 (reference) | |
| Middle | 576 | 0.56 (0.32–1.00)* | 638 | 0.76 (0.44–1.31) | |
| High | 1686 | 0.55 (0.34–0.90)* | 1636 | 0.56 (0.34–0.94)* | |
| Continuous | 3018 | 0.81 (0.67–0.99)* | 2982 | 0.78 (0.63–0.97)* | |
| Decision control | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | Positive challenge | 806 | 1 (reference) | 619 | 1 (reference) |
| Middle | Control over work intensity | 983 | 0.89 (0.52–1.53) | 938 | 0.80 (0.44–1.44) |
| High | Social climate | 748 | 0.99 (0.51–1.95) | 712 | 0.71 (0.33–1.57) |
| Continuous | Human resource primacy | 2537 | 1.02 (0.71–1.47) | 2269 | 1.07 (0.67–1.71) |
| Predictability during the next month | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | Support from immediate superior | 79 | 1 (reference) | 41 | 1 (reference) |
| Middle | Empowering leadership | 239 | 0.61 (0.17–2.15) | 196 | 1.42 (0.28–7.24) |
| High | Social climate | 2465 | 0.86 (0.29–2.53) | 2342 | 1.31 (0.29–5.89) |
| Continuous | Human resource primacy | 2783 | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) | 2579 | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) |
| Support from immediate superior | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | 237 | 1 (reference) | 193 | 1 (reference) | |
| (continues) | |||||
| Baseline Exposure as Predictor | Average Exposure as Predictorb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work Exposure | Confounders Includeda | n | OR (99% CI) | n | OR (99% CI) |
| Middle | Empowering leadership | 585 | 0.56 (0.27–1.18) | 522 | 1.33 (0.61–2.93) |
| High | Human resource primacy | 2021 | 0.55 (0.25–1.18) | 1970 | 0.81 (0.34–1.92) |
| Continuous | 2843 | 0.92 (0.67–1.25) | 2685 | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | |
| Empowering leadership | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | Human resource primacy | 708 | 1 (reference) | 693 | 1 (reference) |
| Middle | 981 | 0.99 (0.59–1.66) | 900 | 0.74 (0.44–1.27) | |
| High | 1192 | 0.86 (0.48–1.56) | 1162 | 0.62 (0.33–1.16) | |
| Continuous | 2881 | 0.94 (0.74–1.20) | 2755 | 0.87 (0.65–1.18) | |
| Fair leadership | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | Support from immediate superior | 169 | 1 (reference) | 126 | 1 (reference) |
| Middle | Empowering leadership | 526 | 1.17 (0.48–2.85) | 414 | 0.87 (0.34–2.25) |
| High | Human resource primacy | 2117 | 0.98 (0.38–2.50) | 2072 | 0.74 (0.28–2.01) |
| Continuous | 2812 | 1.11 (0.79–1.55) | 2612 | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | |
| Innovative climate | Positive challenge | ||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | Support from immediate superior | 167 | 1 (reference) | 136 | 1 (reference) |
| Middle | Empowering leadership | 824 | 1.20 (0.49–2.93) | 657 | 0.97 (0.37–2.56) |
| High | Social climate | 1644 | 1.39 (0.53–3.66) | 1578 | 1.55 (0.53–4.54) |
| Continuous | Human resource primacy | 2635 | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | 2371 | 1.65 (0.95–2.86) |
| Social climate | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | 123 | 1 (reference) | 102 | 1 (reference) | |
| Middle | Empowering leadership | 703 | 0.68 (0.28–1.65) | 543 | 0.37 (0.16–0.87)* |
| High | Human resource primacy | 2011 | 0.56 (0.23–1.38) | 2034 | 0.39 (0.17–0.93)* |
| Continuous | 2837 | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) | 2679 | 0.76 (0.51–1.14) | |
| Human resource primacy | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | 694 | 1 (reference) | 680 | 1 (reference) | |
| Middle | 1140 | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | 1057 | 0.67 (0.42–1.08) | |
| High | 1072 | 0.55 (0.32–0.96)* | 1065 | 0.46 (0.27–0.78)** | |
| Continuous | 2906 | 0.78 (0.63–0.98)* | 2802 | 0.66 (0.51–0.86)** | |
| Physical workload | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | Control over work intensity | 1806 | 1 (reference) | 1837 | 1 (reference) |
| Middle | 722 | 1.05 (0.63–1.75) | 644 | 1.13 (0.66–1.92) | |
| High | 424 | 1.21 (0.65–2.26) | 374 | 1.32 (0.69–2.55) | |
| Continuous | 2952 | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) | 2855 | 1.21 (0.90–1.64) | |
| Working with arms raised to or above shoulder level | |||||
| Category | |||||
| Low | Control over work intensity | 1996 | 1 (reference) | 2159 | 1 (reference) |
| Middle | 649 | 1.30 (0.79–2.12) | 560 | 1.25 (0.74–2.10) | |
| High | 345 | 1.14 (0.61–2.11) | 215 | 1.69 (0.85–3.36) | |
| Continuous | 2990 | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 2934 | 1.31 (0.97–1.76) | |
aAge, sex, skill level, and baseline work ability prognosis adjusted for in all analysis.
bExposure averaged across time [(T1+T2)/2].
*P < 0.01.
**P < 0.0006; Bonferroni-corrected significance level (0.01/16).
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.