Table 2.
Crude and RDS-weighted behavioral and HIV prevalence variables of PWID in Nairobi, 2011 (N = 269)
| Variable | Crude % (n) | Weighted % (95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Median age at first drug use [IQR] | 18 [13–20] | |
| Time since first illicit drug use | ||
| <10 years | 30.7 (82) | 30.6 (22.9–38.7) |
| 10–<20 years | 49.4 (132) | 53.2 (44.4–61.8) |
| 20 years or more | 19.9 (53) | 16.2 (11.1–22.1) |
| First illicit drug used | ||
| Marijuana | 62.1 (167) | 57.2 (48.5–66.9) |
| Heroin | 20.8 (56) | 22.5 (14.9–29.9) |
| Other | 17.1 (46) | 20.3 (14.9–29.9) |
| Median age at first injection [IQR] | 33 [30–35] | |
| First illicit drug injected | ||
| White heroin | 84.4 (227) | 84.3 (79.2–89.9) |
| Brown heroin | 14.9 (40) | 15.5 (9.9–20.6) |
| Other | 0.7 (2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) |
| Time since first injection | ||
| ≤6 months | 35.4 (95) | 43.3 (33.6–53.9) |
| 7 months to <5 years | 40.3 (108) | 35.4 (26.9–44.5) |
| 5 years or more | 24.3 (65) | 21.3 (14.2–28.4) |
| Type of drug injected currently | ||
| White heroin | 97.0 (261) | 96.5 (93.2–99.0) |
| Other | 3.0 (8) | 3.5 (1.0–6.8) |
| Poly-drug, use in past 1 montha | ||
| Marijuana | 66.5 (179) | 64.5 (56.1–72.4) |
| Khat | 10.8 (29) | 14.8 (8.9–21.3) |
| Cocaine | 3.7 (10) | 5.7 (1.4–11.3) |
| Tranquilizers | 58.0 (156) | 50.1 (41.8–58.6) |
| Drug injection behaviors | ||
| Injection frequency in the past 1 month | ||
| Everyday | 79.8 (214) | 77.3 (70.6–84.8) |
| Less than everyday | 20.2 (54) | 22.7 (15.2–29.4) |
| Most common location where PWID inject | ||
| At base where drugs were boughtb | 67.7 (182) | 60.6 (52.3–67.5) |
| Home | 34.6 (93) | 24.9 (19.2–31.3) |
| Street or park | 32.3 (87) | 32.6 (25.5–39.9) |
| In dealer/peddler’s home | 9.7 (26) | 13.7 (8.6–19.3) |
| Any abandoned building | 8.2 (22) | 7.5 (3.8–11.3) |
| Injecting risk behaviors in the past 1 month | ||
| Receptive syringe sharingc | 47.0 (126) | 47.4 (38.8–55.9) |
| Used pre-filled needle/syringe | 29.1 (78) | 33.2 (25.4–41.3) |
| Front- or back-loaded needle/syringe | 46.0 (123) | 46.3 (38.1–55.0) |
| Shared water used to prepare drugs | 59.0 (158) | 57.1 (48.4–65.2) |
| Shared equipmentc | 58.2 (156) | 56.9 (48.7–64.6) |
| Drew drugs from common container | 38.1 (102) | 37.9 (29.7–46.7) |
| Lent needle/syringe | 52.6 (141) | 50.0 (41.6–57.9) |
| Risky Injection in the past 1 monthd | 71.6 (192) | 67.3 (58.9–75.6) |
| Lifetime injecting risk behaviors | ||
| Ever receptive syringe sharingc | 56.1 (151) | 53.8 (45.4–62.1) |
| Ever used pre-filled needle/syringe | 39.9 (107) | 41.8 (33.9–50.0) |
| Ever shared water used to prepare drugs | 61.7 (166) | 63.4 (55.4–70.6) |
| Ever shared equipmentd | 65.1 (175) | 64.4 (56.3–71.9) |
| Ever drew drugs from common container | 51.3 (138) | 48.6 (40.6–57.3) |
| Risky injection ever in lifetimee | 78.8 (212) | 80.0 (73.9–85.5) |
| Sexual behaviors | ||
| Sexually active in the past 1 month | 39.0 (105) | 40.7 (32.3–49.5) |
| Partner type in the past 1 month | ||
| No partner | 60.6 (163) | 59.0 (50.4–67.2) |
| Regularf | 28.3 (76) | 29.5 (21.7–38.0) |
| Casualf | 4.8 (13) | 5.4 (1.4–10.8) |
| Commercialf | 6.3 (17) | 6.1 (2.8–10.1) |
| Condom use in the past 1 month among sexually active PWID (n = 105) | ||
| Always | 17.1 (18) | 20.8 (8.5–36.1) |
| Sometimes/never | 82.9 (87) | 79.2 (63.9–91.5) |
| Multiple sex partners in past 12 months | ||
| None or 1 partner | 76.2 (205) | 77.0 (68.6–83.8) |
| More than one partner | 23.8 (64) | 23.0 (16.2–31.4) |
| Last female sex partner ever injected drugs (among sexually active male PWID) (n = 86) | ||
| Yes | 36.1 (31) | 36.3 (26.6–69.2) |
| No | 63.9 (55) | 63.7 (30.8–73.4) |
| Knows HIV status (from prior testing) | ||
| Yes | 80.0 (212) | 78.9 (72.7–85.8) |
| No | 20.0 (53) | 21.1 (14.2–27.3) |
| HIV prevalence (All) | 21.2 (57) | 18.7 (12.3–26.7) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 19.4 (48) | 15.4 (10.5–23.2) |
| Female | 42.9 (9) | 60.7 (14.7–87.2) |
| Age | ||
| ≤34 years | 26.7 (46) | 22.1 (13.3–33.2) |
| 35 years or older | 11.3 (11) | 13.0 (4.8–23.3) |
| STI prevalence | ||
| Syphilis | 1.5 (4) | 1.7 (0.2–6.0) |
| Gonorrhea | 1.1 (3) | 1.5 (0.1–4.9) |
| Chlamydia | 3.4 (9) | 4.2 (1.2–7.8) |
aConcurrent drug use (injected or non-injected) with at least one other drug injected in the past 1 month
bA base is typically a public open outdoor space where PWID buy drugs. PWID may inject there as well
cReceptive syringe sharing refers to using a needle/syringe used by someone else
dSharing equipment includes sharing of dropper, water, bleach, and other cleaning agents
eRisky injection practices variable is a composite variable that includes using needles/syringe after someone else used, using a pre-filled needle/syringe, front- or back-loading injections, sharing of preparation water, sharing of other injections equipment, or drawing drugs from a common container
fRegular partner: Someone with whom the respondent had an ongoing or long-term intimate sexual relationship; it included live-in partners and spouses. Casual partner: A partner with whom the respondent did not have an ongoing or intimate sexual relationship, and includes one-time encounters. Commercial partner: A partner who the respondent paid for sex or paid the respondent for sex with money, goods or services