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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 10.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Mar 10;65(9):867–875. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.026

TABLE 1.

Baseline Patient Characteristics

LLTS (n = 20) Control (n = 20) p Value
Age, yrs 60.9 ± 7.8 62.9 ± 9.8 0.48
Male 15 (75) 11 (55) 0.18
Duration of AF, yrs 6.6 ± 4.9 5.5 ± 4.3 0.48
Hypertension 15 (75) 15 (75) 1.00
Diabetes 1 (5) 5 (25) 0.08
Coronary artery disease 3 (15) 4 (20) 0.68
Obstructive sleep apnea 8 (40) 7 (35) 0.74
Left ventricular ejection fraction, % 61.7 ± 7.3 60.8 ± 6.1 0.66
Mean CHA2DS2-VASc score 1.5 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 1.3 0.06
CHA2DS2-VASc score 0.43
    0 3 (15) 2 (10)
    1 7 (35) 4 (20)
    ≥2 10 (50) 14 (70)
Beta-blockers 11 (55) 12 (60) 0.75
ACE-I/ARB 7 (35) 11 (55) 0.20
Statin 6 (30) 8 (40) 0.51
New oral anticoagulant agents 12 (60) 15 (75) 0.31
Amiodarone 1 (5) 1 (5) 1.00
Other antiarrhythmic agents 12 (60) 14 (70) 0.49
Left atrial diameter, mm 42.5 ± 9.1 43.3 ± 6.9 0.77
Left atrial volume index, ml/m2 27.7 ± 12.9 23.9 ± 6.3 0.46
Left ventricular hypertrophy 13 (65) 14 (70) 0.74
Heart rate, beats/min 63.1 ± 13.0 63.8 ± 10.7 0.86
AH interval, ms 99.1 ± 30.1 99.5 ± 30.9 0.97
Direct current cardioversion 11 (55) 9 (45) 0.75
Discomfort threshold, V 29.1 ± 10.4 28.3 ± 9.0 0.87
Threshold for slowing heart rate, V 39.8 ± 25.7 33.5 ± 20.2 0.42

Values are n (%) or mean SD.

ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF = atrial fibrillation; AH = atrial His; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; LLTS = low-level tragus stimulation.