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. 2015 Feb 26;15:12. doi: 10.1186/s12861-015-0061-1

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© Kratochwil et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Range and prominent phenotypic differences of members of the Midas cichlid species complex. (A) Map of the Pacific coast of Nicaragua in Central America. Besides the large Nicaraguan lakes (Managua and Nicaragua), multiple crater lakes (Asososca Leon, Apoyeque, Xiloá, Asosoca Managua, Masaya and Apoyo) have appeared in the course of the last 25,000 years. These crater lakes have been colonized by Midas cichlids from the large lakes, resulting in new species. (B) Midas cichlids from Lake Xiloá, Amphilophus xiloaensis, the focal species of this study. (C) Three selected traits that are interesting from an evolutionary-developmental angle. In the large lakes and in many crater lakes, cichlid species and morphs show differences in coloration, body shape and lip shape.