Table 4.
Human intervention studies.
| Reference | Volunteer number | Phenolic compound/food | Dose | Treatment duration | Microbial technique | Population increase | Population decrease | No effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Okubo et al. (1994) [73] | 8 | Green tea (Sunphenon) | 0.4 g/3 times per day | 4 weeks | Plate count |
C. perfringens
Clostridium spp. |
||
|
| ||||||||
| Yamakoshi et al. (2001) [76] | 9 | Proantocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds | 0.5 g/day | 6 weeks | Plate count | Bifidobacterium spp. | Enterobacteriaceae | |
|
| ||||||||
| Mai et al. (2004) [74] | 15 | Black tea | 700 mg tea solids/5 times per day | 21 days | FISH DGGE | Total bacteria | No changes | |
|
| ||||||||
| Clavel et al. (2005) [83] | 39 | Isoflavones | 100 mg/day | 2 months | TTGE FISH |
C. coccoides-E. rectale group Bifidobacterium spp. Lactobacillus-Enterococcus spp. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subgroup |
||
|
| ||||||||
| Costabile et al. (2008) [84] | 31 | Whole grain wheat cereals | 48 g/day | 3 weeks | FISH | Bifidobacteria Lactobacilli | Total bacteria Bacteroides spp. C. histolyticum/perfringens group Acetobacterium spp. |
|
|
| ||||||||
| Jaquet et al. (2009) [87] | 16 | Coffee | 3 cups/day | 3 weeks | FISH DGGE | Bifidobacterium spp. | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Carvalho-Wells et al. (2010) [85] | 32 | Whole grain maize cereals | 48 g/day | 3 weeks | FISH | Bifidobacteria | Total bacteria Bacteroides spp. C. histolyticum/perfringens group Acetobacterium spp. |
|
|
| ||||||||
| Gill et al. (2010) [80] | 10 | Raspberry puree | 20 g/day | 4 days | PCR-DGGE | No changes in the profile of colonic bacteria | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Shinohara et al. (2010) [79] | 8 | Apples | 2 apples/day | 2 weeks | Plate count |
Lactobacillus spp. Streptococcus spp. Enterococcus spp. |
Enterobacteriaceae lecithinase-positive clostridia including C. perfringens, Pseudomonas spp. | |
|
| ||||||||
| Tzounis et al. (2011) [77] | 22 | Cocoa flavanol | 494 mg/day 29 mg/day | 4 weeks | FISH |
Bifidobacterium spp. Lactobacillus spp. |
C. histolyticum/perfringens group | |
|
| ||||||||
| Vendrame et al. (2011) [81] | 15 | Wild blueberry drink | 25 g wild blueberries/day | 6 weeks | qPCR |
Bifidobacterium spp. L. acidophilus |
Bacteroides spp. Prevotella spp. Enterococcus spp. C. coccoides |
|
|
| ||||||||
| Queipo-Ortuño et al. (2012) [78] | 10 | Red wine | 272 mL/day | 20 days | qPCR |
Enterococcus spp. Prevotella spp. Bacteroides Bifidobacterium spp. Bacteroides uniformis Eggerthella lenta Blautia coccoides-E. rectale group |
Clostridium spp. C. histolyticum group |
Actinobacteria |
|
| ||||||||
| Jin et al. (2012) [75] | 10 | Green tea | 1000 mL/day | 10 days | T-RFLP qPCR |
Bifidobacterium spp. | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Guglielmetti et al. (2013) [82] | 15 | Wild blueberries drink | 25 g wild blueberries/day | 6 weeks | qPCR | B. longum subsp. infantis | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Cuervo et al. (2014) [86] | 38 | Dairy products Fruits Vegetables Cereals |
Food intake was recorded using an annual food frequency questionnaire | qPCR | Lactobacillus |
B. coccoides
C. leptum |
||