Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, hospitalizations due to an infection, and antibiotic purchases according to nephropathy status
| Normal AER (type 1 diabetes) | Microalbuminuria (type 1 diabetes) | Macroalbuminuria (type 1 diabetes) | Dialysis (type 1 diabetes) | Kidney transplant (type 1 diabetes) | All patients with type 1 diabetes* | NDC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2664 | 544 | 625 | 85 | 251 | 4748 | 12 954 |
| Sex (male %) | 48.8 | 58.5 | 60.6 | 61.9 | 59.0 | 52.7 | 51.6 |
| Progressed (%) | 219 (8.2) | 99 (18.2) | 246 (39.4) | 23 (27.1)† | NA | NA | NA |
| Deceased until 2009 (%) | 2.9 | 9.4 | 24.4 | 72.6 | 44.1 | 10.5 | 4.4 |
| Age at onset of diabetes (years) | 17.2 [11.0–26.5] | 12.7 [7.9–20.9] | 11.4 [7.2–16.8] | 12.5 [7.6–18.2] | 11.2 [6.8–15.1] | 14.9 [9.5–24.4] | NA |
| Age (years) at baseline visit | 37.1±12.8 | 39.3±12.5 | 41.9±10.5 | 47.1±9.3 | 44.9±8.2 | 38.9±12.4 | NA |
| Age (years) in 1996 | 32.6±12.9 | 35.4±12.4 | 38.7±10.5 | 44.0±9.4 | 41.2±7.8 | 34.7±12.5 | 37.9±12.0 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 15.8 [8.4–25.5] | 24.3 [16.4–32.7] | 28.2 [22.9–33.8] | 28.0 [24.4–34.6] | 33.4 [27.3–37.6] | 20.6 [11.3–30.4] | NA |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 98 [84–111] | 94 [76–109] | 61 [39–85] | NA | NA | 92 [73–108] | NA |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.2±1.4 | 8.9±1.6 | 9.1±1.5 | 9.2±1.7 | 8.5±1.5 | 8.5±1.5 | NA |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 67±16 | 74±17 | 76±17 | 77±18 | 70±15 | 69±15 | NA |
| History of smoking (%) | 42.7 | 53.5 | 61.1 | 72.2 | 54.5 | 47.8 | NA |
| Cancer n (%) | 232 (8.7) | 59 (10.9) | 70 (11.2) | 10 (11.9) | 50 (19.9) | 484 (10.2) | 1095 (8.4) |
| CVD; stroke and IHD n (%) | 226 (8.5) | 96 (17.7) | 222 (35.5) | 58 (59.1) | 144 (57.4) | 819 (17.2) | 501 (3.9) |
| Hypertension n (%) | 964 (36.3) | 392 (69.8) | 595 (95.2) | 85 (100.0) | 251 (100.0) | 2573 (54.2) | 3220 (24.9) |
| Atherosclerosis n (%) | 272 (1.5) | 32 (5.9) | 132 (21.1) | 49 (58.3) | 96 (38.3) | 382 (8.1) | 40 (0.3) |
| Mental disorders n (%) | 641 (24.1) | 138 (25.5) | 205 (32.8) | 34 (40.5) | 79 (31.5) | 1262 (26.6) | 2893 (22.3) |
| Alcoholism n (%) | 86 (3.2) | 30 (5.6) | 34 (5.4) | 7 (8.3) | 11 (4.4) | 201 (4.2) | 585 (4.5) |
| Neurological diseases n (%) | 102 (3.8) | 31 (5.7) | 29 (4.6) | 6 (7.1) | 14 (5.6) | 207 (4.4) | 316 (2.4) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis n (%) | 106 (4.0) | 25 (4.6) | 36 (5.8) | 8 (9.5) | 22 (8.8) | 230 (4.8) | 355 (2.7) |
| Asthma/COPD n (%) | 652 (24.5) | 166 (30.7) | 187 (29.9) | 21 (25.0) | 48 (19.1) | 1227 (25.8) | 2923 (22.6) |
| Follow-up years‡ | 19 804 | 4958 | 5821 | 856 | 2250 | 64 194 | 177 268 |
| Antibiotic purchases (n)‡ | 12 935 | 4643 | 6883 | 2762 | 6808 | 64 380 | 82 999 |
| Annual purchase rate per person (95% CI)‡ | 0.65 (0.64 to 0.66) | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.96) | 1.18 (1.15 to 1.21) | 3.23 (3.11 to 3.35) | 3.03 (2.95 to 3.10) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.47 (0.46 to 0.47) |
| Hospitalizations (n)‡ | 486 | 231 | 448 | 541 | 682 | 3980 | 2882 |
| Annual hospitalization rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI)‡ | 24.5 (22.4 to 26.8) | 46.6 (40.8 to 53.0) | 78.3 (70.0 to 84.4) | 632.0 (579.9 to 687.6) | 303.1 (280.8 to 326.7) | 62.0 (60.1 to 64.0) | 16.3 (15.7 to 16.9) |
*Patients without information about nephropathy status at baseline included.
†Kidney transplanted during follow-up.
‡Includes all patients who contributed data during each year in the corresponding nephropathy category. Demographic and clinical data are expressed as mean±SD, median [IQR], or total number (%).
AER, albumin excretion rate; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; IHD, ischemic heart disease; NA, not applicable; NDC, non-diabetic controls.