Table 1.
Participant Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | Massage (n = 27, 53%) | TAU (n = 24, 47%) | Total (N = 51) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Age (years) | 40 (13.5) | 39 (10.5) | 40 (12.1) | |||
| NRS pain scores (0–10) | ||||||
| Last 24 hours | 5.4 (1.9) | 5.8 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.1) | |||
| Average Daily | 5.8 (1.7) | 5.8 (1.9) | 5.7 (1.8) | |||
| Worst Pain | 8.1 (1.5) | 8.0 (1.3) | 8.1 (1.4) | |||
| Years with Chronic Pain | 12.6 (11.8) | 11.8 (7.8) | 12.2 (7.7) | |||
| HADS (0 – 21 scale) | ||||||
| Anxiety | 10.3 (4.4) | 11.6 (3.6) | 10.9 (4.1) | |||
| Depression | 6.6 (3.8) | 8.0 (4.0) | 7.5 (4.0) | |||
|
|
||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
|
| ||||||
| White | 18 | (67) | 21 | (88) | 39 | (76) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 13 | (48) | 11 | (46) | 24 | (47) |
| Female | 14 | (52) | 13 | (54) | 27 | (53) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30) | 7 | (26) | 11 | (46) | 18 | (35) |
| High Nutritional Riska | 17 | (71) | 15 | (56) | 32 | (63) |
| Belief can be pain-free | 8 | (29) | 7 | (30) | 15 | (29) |
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
| Unemployed | 23 | (85) | 20 | (83) | 43 | (84) |
| Ever homeless | 23 | (85) | 20 | (74) | 43 | (84) |
| Currently homeless | 16 | (59) | 12 | (46) | 28 | (55) |
| Ever incarcerated | 23 | (85) | 17 | (71) | 40 | (78) |
| Never married | 13 | (48) | 10 | (42) | 23 | (45) |
| Opioid-use factors | ||||||
| Injection drug user | 20 | (74) | 14 | (58) | 34 | (67) |
| Heroin user | 26 | (96) | 19 | (79) | 45 | (88) |
| Polysubstance use | 19 | (70) | 15 | (63) | 34 | (67) |